From andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net Tue Sep 2 04:34:48 2008 From: andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net (Andrew Kenton Mitchell) Date: Tue, 02 Sep 2008 00:34:48 -0400 Subject: Manually setting MTUs Message-ID: <48BCC268.9090007@wdidata.net> If I look at /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bnep0 the MTU is 1691. This is the minimum specified by http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Technology/Works/BNEP.htm: [root at LTSecond ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bnep0 # Broadcom BCM92035DGROM USB Bluetooth Adapter - Bluetooth: BNEP (Ethernet Emulation) ver 1.2 DEVICE=bnep0 HWADDR=00:0E:A1:33:A1:22 ONBOOT=no BOOTPROTO=dhcp IPV6INIT=no NM_CONTROLLED=yes DNS3=192.168.0.1 DNS2=69.94.123.190 DNS1=69.94.123.189 USERCTL=no PEERDNS=no MTU=1691 [root at LTSecond ~]# However, ifconfig shows 1500: [root at LTSecond ~]# ofcpnfig bnep0 -bash: ofcpnfig: command not found [root at LTSecond ~]# ifcpnfig bnep0 -bash: ifcpnfig: command not found [root at LTSecond ~]# ifconfig bnep0 bnep0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0E:A1:33:A1:22 inet addr:192.168.0.17 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20e:a1ff:fe33:a122/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:25756 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:17745 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:36149865 (34.4 MiB) TX bytes:1212843 (1.1 MiB) [root at LTSecond ~]# Anybody have any ideas why this won't manually set? Thanks for any help, -- Colonel Andrew Kenton Mitchell, MSISPM, GSAE, RHCE, RHCT, LPI, LPI-2 CCNA, CCNP Vice President of Global Network Operations and Data Infrastructure WDI Data Enterprises, Inc. E-mail: andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net Web: http://www.wdidata.net Direct Phone: (502) 619-9184 or (859) 619-0078 Direct Fax: (801) 991-5940 Data Center (Toll-Free): 1 (877) 378-1045 (Available 24/7/365 service) NOTICE: If you have an emergency, contact the data center. Ask the agent handling your call to place a "Priority 1" call to technician 2562. Messages containing sensitive data may be signed or encrypted using G(nu)PG. If you need more information or a copy of my public key please visit http://andrew.mitchell.wdidata.net/oldsite/contact/#gnupg_public_key for details. From gopal016 at gmail.com Tue Sep 9 11:40:50 2008 From: gopal016 at gmail.com (Gopal Ghosh) Date: Tue, 9 Sep 2008 17:10:50 +0530 Subject: Pipe Commands Message-ID: <68e4e2330809090440g218d70dw262ed1581d35fdf@mail.gmail.com> Dear All, my self gopal ghosh a newbie in Linux world. found myself in love with Linux as i came to know the power of Linux CLI if two different commands are separated by || (a method by which two comands can be executed one after another ) such as ls || nano the above command executes both the command with out stops after executing the first one. the book says that it will stop executing further after the first command but it is not the same which i observed pls help Thanks regards -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From kae at verens.com Tue Sep 9 13:21:22 2008 From: kae at verens.com (Kae Verens) Date: Tue, 09 Sep 2008 14:21:22 +0100 Subject: Pipe Commands In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809090440g218d70dw262ed1581d35fdf@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809090440g218d70dw262ed1581d35fdf@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <48C67852.2020902@verens.com> Gopal Ghosh wrote: > Dear All, > my self gopal ghosh a newbie in Linux world. found myself in love with > Linux as i came to know the power of Linux CLI > > if two different commands are separated by || (a method by which two > comands can be executed one after another ) > such as > ls || nano > > the above command executes both the command with out stops after > executing the first one. > > the book says that it will stop executing further after the first command > but it is not the same which i observed > pls help '||' means 'or'. In a list of commands separated by '||', each of the commands are run until one of them succeeds. as an example: echo 1 || echo 2 this echoes '1' to the screen, but '2' is /not/ echoed. in your command, 'nano' should only run if 'ls' fails. for example, as a normal user, run this: ls /root || nano in that case, nano will run, but in this, it won't: ls ~ || nano I hope that helps! kae From kae at verens.com Tue Sep 9 13:31:50 2008 From: kae at verens.com (Kae Verens) Date: Tue, 09 Sep 2008 14:31:50 +0100 Subject: [Fwd: Re: Pipe Commands] Message-ID: <48C67AC6.2030609@verens.com> As Alex notes below - what you probably meant was "|" -------------- next part -------------- An embedded message was scrubbed... From: Alex Subject: Re: Pipe Commands Date: Tue, 09 Sep 2008 16:30:38 +0300 Size: 3317 URL: From gopal016 at gmail.com Wed Sep 10 10:29:38 2008 From: gopal016 at gmail.com (Gopal Ghosh) Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 15:59:38 +0530 Subject: Privilege factors Message-ID: <68e4e2330809100329h6a068b76sf3ed20dd6677fde5@mail.gmail.com> Dear All, could any one help me with Privilege available to *root /su/ sudo and also the difference between the above three **************************************************************** [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ whoami gopalghosh [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ login login: root Password: Login incorrect {why it is saying Login incorrect as I am typing the correct password} [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ login login: root Password: Login incorrect [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ su Password: {when I logged as su it accepted the same password} [root at localhost gopalghosh]# sudo ls Desktop Documents Download Music Pictures Public Templates Videos [root at localhost gopalghosh]# exit exit [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ sudo nano We trust you have received the usual lecture from the local System Administrator. It usually boils down to these three things: #1) Respect the privacy of others. #2) Think before you type. #3) With great power comes great responsibility. [sudo] password for gopalghosh: gopalghosh is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported. {how to add my local login in sudoers file} [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ ****************************************************** Thanksregards -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From kae at verens.com Wed Sep 10 11:23:00 2008 From: kae at verens.com (Kae Verens) Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 12:23:00 +0100 Subject: Privilege factors In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809100329h6a068b76sf3ed20dd6677fde5@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809100329h6a068b76sf3ed20dd6677fde5@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <48C7AE14.8020808@verens.com> Gopal Ghosh wrote: > Dear All, could any one help me with Privilege available to *root /su/ > sudo and also the difference between the above three * "root" is a username "su" is a command which switches who you are logged in as ("substitute user") "sudo" allows you to run a command as if you were another user (a pun on the word "pseudo") > *************************************************************** > > [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ whoami > > gopalghosh > > [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ login > > login: root > > Password: > > Login incorrect {why it is saying Login incorrect as I am typing the > correct password} I've never seen the command "login" used in a shell before... most people use su. check "man login" for details of login if you really want to use it. Otherwise I presume su is sufficient (I've never needed to use "login" myself). > [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ login > > login: root > > Password: > > Login incorrect > > [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ su > > Password: {when I logged as su it accepted the same password} > > [root at localhost gopalghosh]# sudo ls there is no point doing "sudo ls" as root, as that command basically says "run 'ls' as root". > Desktop Documents Download Music Pictures Public Templates Videos > > [root at localhost gopalghosh]# exit exit > > [gopalghosh at localhost ~]$ sudo nano > > We trust you have received the usual lecture from the local System > > Administrator. It usually boils down to these three things: > > #1) Respect the privacy of others. > > #2) Think before you type. > > #3) With great power comes great responsibility. > > [sudo] password for gopalghosh: > > gopalghosh is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported. > {how to add my local login in sudoers file} check your /etc/sudoers file for general use, there is no real need for sudo. You might need it in a multi-user environment where you want someone to have access to some higher-level functions but not to know the root password. however, in a one-user environment (a laptop is usually single-user), there's no real point using sudo. personally, I either su to root, or run something like this: su -c ls this is just my opinion - perhaps other people have good reasons to use it. kae From andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net Wed Sep 10 14:36:25 2008 From: andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net (Andrew Kenton Mitchell) Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 10:36:25 -0400 Subject: Rawhide missing pand Message-ID: <48C7DB69.8080008@wdidata.net> The rawhide bluez -utils package seems to be missing /usr/bin/pand. I tried to add the --enable-pand witch and rebuild the RPM from sources however, bluez-utils-3.36-2.fc10.src.rpm doesn't seem to want to extract on my system. Can anybody suggest a fix or alternative? -- Andrew Kenton Mitchell From John at Apexnorthamerica.com Wed Sep 10 18:02:05 2008 From: John at Apexnorthamerica.com (John Graham) Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 14:02:05 -0400 Subject: Pipe Commands In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809090440g218d70dw262ed1581d35fdf@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809090440g218d70dw262ed1581d35fdf@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <1221069725.3572.11.camel@localhost.localdomain> I am having the same problems with network card and and Blue tooth ... just today i could not get my Network working at all .. nothing .. i rebooted in windows and tried it all is workings. Came back in to Fedora 9 and all is working now .. ???? ;? ? Apex North America John Graham Engineering Manager 65 South Washington Street, Donora, Pa 15033 Main Number (724) 379-8880 or (866) 273-9872 Fax Number (724) 379-8887 or (866) 273-9329 Cell Number (412) 287-8291 On Tue, 2008-09-09 at 17:10 +0530, Gopal Ghosh wrote: > Dear All, > my self gopal ghosh a newbie in Linux world. found myself in love > with Linux as i came to know the power of Linux CLI > > if two different commands are separated by || (a method by which two > comands can be executed one after another ) > such as > ls || nano > > the above command executes both the command with out stops after > executing the first one. > > the book says that it will stop executing further after the first > command > but it is not the same which i observed > pls help > Thanks > regards > > > > > _______________________________________________ > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From rupak.bag at gmail.com Wed Sep 10 18:19:46 2008 From: rupak.bag at gmail.com (Rupak kumar Bag) Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 14:19:46 -0400 Subject: MacBook Pro FC9 Issues Message-ID: <2d6475c20809101119p47b594d0x177f375692f0d8c@mail.gmail.com> Wondering if any of you folks have tried FC9 on the latest Mac Book Pro (I just got one a month back). I am facing 2 problems with my machine: 1) MBP has bcm4328 chipset and I have ndiswrapper and network manager installed. Network manager is behaving randomly in the sense that sometimes it allows me to connect to a secure WPA wireless connection but sometimes denies me connection asking me to type the connection password again. Retyping password doesn;t necessrily lets me in, but I keep trying 1-2 more times and it lets me in. I tried blacklisting -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From rupak.bag at gmail.com Wed Sep 10 18:27:06 2008 From: rupak.bag at gmail.com (Rupak kumar Bag) Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 14:27:06 -0400 Subject: MacBook Pro FC9 Issues In-Reply-To: <2d6475c20809101119p47b594d0x177f375692f0d8c@mail.gmail.com> References: <2d6475c20809101119p47b594d0x177f375692f0d8c@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <2d6475c20809101127s364eea90ve0421ab879215067@mail.gmail.com> Sorry Guys please ignore my earlier mail. I have accidentally clicked the send button. Please find my mail below: I have installed FC9 on the latest Mac Book Pro. I am facing 2 problems with my machine: 1) MBP has bcm4328 chipset and I have ndiswrapper and network manager installed. Network manager is behaving randomly in the sense that sometimes it allows me to connect to a secure WPA wireless connection but sometimes denies me connection asking me to type the connection password again. Retyping password doesn;t necessrily lets me in, but I keep trying 1-2 more times and it lets me in. I tried blacklisting echo old drivers like bcm43xx, ssb, b43 but still doesn;t work. Please let me know if anybody else is facing the same or have a solution to it. 2) Second issue is bluetooth. The adapter is detected but it is unable to find any other bluetooth device like my cell phone. Folks please let me know if you have any solution. Thanks, Rupak -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From adalbert.prokop at gmx.de Wed Sep 10 19:49:03 2008 From: adalbert.prokop at gmx.de (Adalbert Prokop) Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 21:49:03 +0200 Subject: MacBook Pro FC9 Issues In-Reply-To: <2d6475c20809101127s364eea90ve0421ab879215067@mail.gmail.com> References: <2d6475c20809101119p47b594d0x177f375692f0d8c@mail.gmail.com> <2d6475c20809101127s364eea90ve0421ab879215067@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <200809102149.03345.adalbert.prokop@gmx.de> Rupak kumar Bag schrieb am Mittwoch, 10. September 2008: Hello! > 2) Second issue is bluetooth. The adapter is detected but it is unable > to find any other bluetooth device like my cell phone. Folks please let > me know if you have any solution. I don't know how to help you with your first problem, but I might have an idea on the second. I encountered a simmilar problem on a MacBook (not Pro). I figured out that the Bluetooth adapter was initially in HID mode, so I had to switch it to HCI mode. hid2hci should do the trick. I've put this command in /etc/rc.local so it is executed on every boot. -- Tsch?ss, Adalbert Prokop Alexander Hamilton started the U.S. Treasury with nothing - and that was the closest our country has ever been to being even. -- The Best of Will Rogers From andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net Thu Sep 11 16:33:10 2008 From: andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net (Andrew Kenton Mitchell) Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2008 12:33:10 -0400 Subject: Fedora 10 (Rawhide) missing pand - UPDATED Message-ID: <48C94846.2010906@wdidata.net> I sent a message asking for advice/help yesterday. Sorry if I'm burdening anybody's in box, however, I have more info and I wanted to share. The rawhide bluez-utils package seems to be missing /usr/bin/pand. I tried to add the --enable-pand witch and rebuild the RPM from sources however, bluez-utils-3.36-2.fc10.src.rpm doesn't seem to want to extract on my system. I dug around to see if pand was provided by a differing package: # yum whatprovides */pand Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit bluez-utils-3.36-2.fc10.i386 : Bluetooth utilities Matched from: Filename : /etc/rc.d/init.d/pand Filename : /etc/sysconfig/pand bluez-utils-3.36-2.fc10.i386 : Bluetooth utilities Matched from: Filename : /etc/rc.d/init.d/pand Filename : /etc/sysconfig/pand Then I decided to try a bluez-utils reinstall: ]# yum install bluez-utils Loaded plugins: refresh-packagekit Setting up Install Process Parsing package install arguments Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package bluez-utils.i386 0:3.36-2.fc10 set to be updated --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Installing: bluez-utils i386 3.36-2.fc10 rawhide 483 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 1 Package(s) Update 0 Package(s) Remove 0 Package(s) Total download size: 483 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: bluez-utils-3.36-2.fc10.i386.rpm | 483 kB 00:03 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : bluez-utils [1/1] service bluetooth does not support chkconfig Installed: bluez-utils.i386 0:3.36-2.fc10 Complete! The init script error surprised me. Does anybody know if this is a just a bug. Is pand being depreciated? If so, what is the replacement? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Can anybody suggest a fix or alternative? -- Andrew Kenton Mitchell From gopal016 at gmail.com Fri Sep 12 07:22:47 2008 From: gopal016 at gmail.com (Gopal Ghosh) Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2008 12:52:47 +0530 Subject: SELINUX Message-ID: <68e4e2330809120022p4cb50b87nf5f958be2325f84c@mail.gmail.com> Dear All, could anyone explain what's the use of SELINUX and how it work> Thanks regards -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From mangelp at gmail.com Fri Sep 12 07:34:53 2008 From: mangelp at gmail.com (Miguel Angel Perez) Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2008 09:34:53 +0200 Subject: SELINUX In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809120022p4cb50b87nf5f958be2325f84c@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809120022p4cb50b87nf5f958be2325f84c@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <8304962d0809120034j19f0eab1t7df61cda549efed2@mail.gmail.com> Its an aditionall security layer added on top of the tradicional unix permission system. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELinux 2008/9/12 Gopal Ghosh > Dear All, > could anyone explain what's the use of SELINUX and how it work> > Thanks > regards > > > _______________________________________________ > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list > > Regards, Miguel Angel Perez -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From andha at melerit.se Fri Sep 12 08:12:02 2008 From: andha at melerit.se (Anders Hartman) Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2008 10:12:02 +0200 Subject: SELINUX In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809120022p4cb50b87nf5f958be2325f84c@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809120022p4cb50b87nf5f958be2325f84c@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <48CA2452.90308@melerit.se> Gopal Ghosh skrev: > Dear All, > could anyone explain what's the use of SELINUX and how it work> > Thanks > regards > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > _______________________________________________ > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list > Try "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELinux" to start with. Regards Anders From mangelp at gmail.com Fri Sep 12 08:14:31 2008 From: mangelp at gmail.com (Miguel Angel Perez) Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2008 10:14:31 +0200 Subject: SELINUX In-Reply-To: References: <68e4e2330809120022p4cb50b87nf5f958be2325f84c@mail.gmail.com> <8304962d0809120034j19f0eab1t7df61cda549efed2@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <8304962d0809120114i27253bbbl308556fa47630e85@mail.gmail.com> Hi Gianluca, Make sure you do a reply-all in gmail to get the reply to the mail list, and not only to the last person who replied it :p Here is your reply. ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Gianluca Sforna Date: 2008/9/12 Subject: Re: SELINUX To: Miguel Angel Perez 2008/9/12 Miguel Angel Perez : > Its an aditionall security layer added on top of the tradicional unix > permission system. > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELinux Additionally: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/SELinux -- Gianluca Sforna http://morefedora.blogspot.com http://www.linkedin.com/in/gianlucasforna Regards, Miguel Angel Perez -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From giallu at gmail.com Fri Sep 12 09:31:11 2008 From: giallu at gmail.com (Gianluca Sforna) Date: Fri, 12 Sep 2008 11:31:11 +0200 Subject: SELINUX In-Reply-To: <8304962d0809120034j19f0eab1t7df61cda549efed2@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809120022p4cb50b87nf5f958be2325f84c@mail.gmail.com> <8304962d0809120034j19f0eab1t7df61cda549efed2@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: 2008/9/12 Miguel Angel Perez : > Its an aditionall security layer added on top of the tradicional unix > permission system. > > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELinux Additionally: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/SELinux -- Gianluca Sforna http://morefedora.blogspot.com http://www.linkedin.com/in/gianlucasforna From gopal016 at gmail.com Mon Sep 15 07:34:24 2008 From: gopal016 at gmail.com (Gopal Ghosh) Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2008 13:04:24 +0530 Subject: SHELL Message-ID: <68e4e2330809150034w6220f40bm91cf29e80c4752c3@mail.gmail.com> Dear All, is there any command available to check the no. of shell (bash/c/korn) in an Linux installation & what is the use of bash command thanksregards -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From email.ahmedkamal at googlemail.com Mon Sep 15 07:36:52 2008 From: email.ahmedkamal at googlemail.com (Ahmed Kamal) Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2008 09:36:52 +0200 Subject: SHELL In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809150034w6220f40bm91cf29e80c4752c3@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809150034w6220f40bm91cf29e80c4752c3@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <3da3b5b40809150036t31f51882g8dcf272a07ec0291@mail.gmail.com> cat /etc/shells ? 2008/9/15 Gopal Ghosh > Dear All, > is there any command available to check the no. of shell (bash/c/korn) in > an Linux installation & what is the use of bash command > thanksregards > > > _______________________________________________ > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list > > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From gopal016 at gmail.com Mon Sep 15 07:41:33 2008 From: gopal016 at gmail.com (Gopal Ghosh) Date: Mon, 15 Sep 2008 13:11:33 +0530 Subject: SHELL In-Reply-To: <3da3b5b40809150036t31f51882g8dcf272a07ec0291@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809150034w6220f40bm91cf29e80c4752c3@mail.gmail.com> <3da3b5b40809150036t31f51882g8dcf272a07ec0291@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <68e4e2330809150041v6caf2c7cx86b34a2c9c5d0098@mail.gmail.com> thanks 4 ur prompt reply On Mon, Sep 15, 2008 at 1:06 PM, Ahmed Kamal < email.ahmedkamal at googlemail.com> wrote: > cat /etc/shells ? > > 2008/9/15 Gopal Ghosh > >> Dear All, >> is there any command available to check the no. of shell (bash/c/korn) in >> an Linux installation & what is the use of bash command >> thanksregards >> >> >> _______________________________________________ >> Fedora-laptop-list mailing list >> Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com >> http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list >> >> > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From gopal016 at gmail.com Thu Sep 18 11:37:54 2008 From: gopal016 at gmail.com (Gopal Ghosh) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 17:07:54 +0530 Subject: chmod command Message-ID: <68e4e2330809180437m7bf65518u64e9ffb696013cc1@mail.gmail.com> Dear all, how to use chmod command (in octal mode) for n number of files present in a directory Thanks regards -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From gopal016 at gmail.com Thu Sep 18 11:44:22 2008 From: gopal016 at gmail.com (Gopal Ghosh) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 17:14:22 +0530 Subject: use of cp command with wild card Message-ID: <68e4e2330809180444s1b5331d7h57127b69d4bf4442@mail.gmail.com> dear all, how to search for a group of files using wildcard and copy the result content and redirecting it to a dir thanks regards -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From roger.millington at tesco.net Thu Sep 18 11:45:59 2008 From: roger.millington at tesco.net (Roger Millington) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 12:45:59 +0100 Subject: chmod command In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809180437m7bf65518u64e9ffb696013cc1@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809180437m7bf65518u64e9ffb696013cc1@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <48D23F77.7040307@tesco.net> man chmod Gopal Ghosh wrote: > Dear all, > how to use chmod command (in octal mode) for n number of files present in a > directory > Thanks > regards > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > _______________________________________________ > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list From roger.millington at tesco.net Thu Sep 18 11:46:59 2008 From: roger.millington at tesco.net (Roger Millington) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 12:46:59 +0100 Subject: use of cp command with wild card In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809180444s1b5331d7h57127b69d4bf4442@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809180444s1b5331d7h57127b69d4bf4442@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <48D23FB3.6050001@tesco.net> man find man cp Gopal Ghosh wrote: > dear all, > how to search for a group of files using wildcard and copy the result > content and redirecting it to a dir > thanks > regards > > > > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > > _______________________________________________ > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list From kae at verens.com Thu Sep 18 11:50:59 2008 From: kae at verens.com (Kae Verens) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 12:50:59 +0100 Subject: chmod command In-Reply-To: <48D23F77.7040307@tesco.net> References: <68e4e2330809180437m7bf65518u64e9ffb696013cc1@mail.gmail.com> <48D23F77.7040307@tesco.net> Message-ID: <48D240A3.3070203@verens.com> Roger Millington wrote: > man chmod > that's a bit harsh, Roger! It's possible that maybe Gopal does not understand the man pages. example: chmod 750 filename1 filename2 first digit is user second digit is group third digit is everyone (world) 7 = allow file owner to read, write, execute 5 = allow members of file's group to read and execute 0 = do not let anyone else use the file the numbers are calculated by adding these up 4 = allowed to read 2 = allowed to write 1 = allowed to execute. so 750 = (4+2+1)(4+1)(0) kae > Gopal Ghosh wrote: > >> Dear all, >> how to use chmod command (in octal mode) for n number of files present in a >> directory >> Thanks >> regards >> >> >> >> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >> >> _______________________________________________ >> Fedora-laptop-list mailing list >> Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com >> http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list >> > > _______________________________________________ > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list > From kae at verens.com Thu Sep 18 11:55:07 2008 From: kae at verens.com (Kae Verens) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 12:55:07 +0100 Subject: use of cp command with wild card In-Reply-To: <48D23FB3.6050001@tesco.net> References: <68e4e2330809180444s1b5331d7h57127b69d4bf4442@mail.gmail.com> <48D23FB3.6050001@tesco.net> Message-ID: <48D2419B.1020902@verens.com> Roger Millington wrote: > man find > man cp > or "rtfm" in otherwords - not nice, Roger... > Gopal Ghosh wrote: > >> dear all, >> how to search for a group of files using wildcard and copy the result >> content and redirecting it to a dir >> you do not always need to use 'find'. You can use cp with globbing (search for "file globbing") for instance: "cp *test.txt ../test" will copy newtest.txt and oldtest.txt to ../test "cp test[0-9].txt ../test" will copy test0.txt and test1.txt to ../test but will not copy testA.txt kae From roger.millington at tesco.net Thu Sep 18 11:58:55 2008 From: roger.millington at tesco.net (Roger Millington) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 12:58:55 +0100 Subject: chmod command In-Reply-To: <48D240A3.3070203@verens.com> References: <68e4e2330809180437m7bf65518u64e9ffb696013cc1@mail.gmail.com> <48D23F77.7040307@tesco.net> <48D240A3.3070203@verens.com> Message-ID: <48D2427F.9010305@tesco.net> Kae Verens wrote: > Roger Millington wrote: >> man chmod >> > > that's a bit harsh, Roger! It's possible that maybe Gopal does not > understand the man pages. There is no indication that Gopal has read the 'man' pages or even understands that they exist. I would expect that my response(s) will invite Gopal's curiosity and that he will investigate this mysterious 'man' command. The alternative is for someone to spend 20 minutes making precis of the relevant 'man' pages and posting them. Roger > > example: > chmod 750 filename1 filename2 > first digit is user > second digit is group > third digit is everyone (world) > 7 = allow file owner to read, write, execute > 5 = allow members of file's group to read and execute > 0 = do not let anyone else use the file > > the numbers are calculated by adding these up > 4 = allowed to read > 2 = allowed to write > 1 = allowed to execute. > so 750 = (4+2+1)(4+1)(0) > > kae > >> Gopal Ghosh wrote: >> >>> Dear all, >>> how to use chmod command (in octal mode) for n number of files >>> present in a >>> directory >>> Thanks >>> regards >>> >>> >>> >>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------ >>> >>> _______________________________________________ >>> Fedora-laptop-list mailing list >>> Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com >>> http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list >>> >> >> _______________________________________________ >> Fedora-laptop-list mailing list >> Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com >> http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list >> > > _______________________________________________ > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list > From roger.millington at tesco.net Thu Sep 18 12:23:55 2008 From: roger.millington at tesco.net (Roger Millington) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 13:23:55 +0100 Subject: use of cp command with wild card In-Reply-To: <48D2419B.1020902@verens.com> References: <68e4e2330809180444s1b5331d7h57127b69d4bf4442@mail.gmail.com> <48D23FB3.6050001@tesco.net> <48D2419B.1020902@verens.com> Message-ID: <48D2485B.3090801@tesco.net> Kae Verens wrote: > Roger Millington wrote: >> man find >> man cp >> > > or "rtfm" in otherwords - not nice, Roger... I did not use "rtfm" because the questions being asked by Bopal seemed to me to indicate that he does not know that a manual exists. You can keep summarising the man pages for Bopal if you like but it would seem more valuable to show him how to get more complete answers by using 'man'. Your call. From kae at verens.com Thu Sep 18 12:52:18 2008 From: kae at verens.com (Kae Verens) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 13:52:18 +0100 Subject: use of cp command with wild card In-Reply-To: <48D2485B.3090801@tesco.net> References: <68e4e2330809180444s1b5331d7h57127b69d4bf4442@mail.gmail.com> <48D23FB3.6050001@tesco.net> <48D2419B.1020902@verens.com> <48D2485B.3090801@tesco.net> Message-ID: <48D24F02.5040900@verens.com> Roger Millington wrote: >> or "rtfm" in otherwords - not nice, Roger... >> > > I did not use "rtfm" because the questions being asked by Bopal seemed > to me to indicate that he does not know that a manual exists. > > You can keep summarising the man pages for Bopal if you like but it > would seem more valuable to show him how to get more complete answers by > using 'man'. Your call. > fair enough. I made the assumption (and I admit it was an assumption) that Gopal had read the man pages and just needed further examples or for a paraphrased explanation. I apologise for the over-reaction. kae From jaroslav at aster.pl Thu Sep 18 20:42:34 2008 From: jaroslav at aster.pl (=?utf-8?q?Jaros=C5=82aw_G=C3=B3rny?=) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 22:42:34 +0200 Subject: wrong list? Was: use of cp command with wild card In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809180444s1b5331d7h57127b69d4bf4442@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809180444s1b5331d7h57127b69d4bf4442@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <200809182242.35298.jaroslav@aster.pl> Hi, Gopal, I don't want to offend You, but I think You should ask such a questions on "fedora-list" instead of "fedora-laptop-list". As summary on list index says: "Fedora-laptop-list -> Laptop related things" "fedora-list -> Community assistance, encouragement, and advice for using Fedora." Topics You are asking (use of cp, chmod, selinux, shell) are NOT laptop specific. regards, -- jg From andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net Fri Sep 19 01:54:53 2008 From: andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net (Andrew Kenton Mitchell) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 21:54:53 -0400 Subject: ACB10US Targus USB Bluetooth Adapter with Fedora 10 Message-ID: <48D3066D.1080306@wdidata.net> I see my ACB10US Targus USB Bluetooth Adapter in dmesg. It worked great with FC9 and early FC10. Lately (last month or so) FC10 on my laptop won't recognize it. I can't seem to figure out why. Any ideas? Thanks, -- Andrew Kenton Mitchell From spmadden at gmail.com Fri Sep 19 02:03:59 2008 From: spmadden at gmail.com (Sean Madden) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 22:03:59 -0400 Subject: ACB10US Targus USB Bluetooth Adapter with Fedora 10 In-Reply-To: <48D3066D.1080306@wdidata.net> References: <48D3066D.1080306@wdidata.net> Message-ID: <48D3088F.5000904@gmail.com> Please post the relevant section of `dmesg` -Sean Andrew Kenton Mitchell wrote: > I see my ACB10US Targus USB Bluetooth Adapter in dmesg. > > It worked great with FC9 and early FC10. > > Lately (last month or so) FC10 on my laptop won't recognize it. I > can't seem to figure out why. > > Any ideas? > > Thanks, > From andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net Fri Sep 19 02:33:17 2008 From: andrew.mitchell at wdidata.net (Andrew Kenton Mitchell) Date: Thu, 18 Sep 2008 22:33:17 -0400 Subject: ACB10US Targus USB Bluetooth Adapter with Fedora 10 In-Reply-To: <48D3088F.5000904@gmail.com> References: <48D3066D.1080306@wdidata.net> <48D3088F.5000904@gmail.com> Message-ID: <48D30F6D.7020402@wdidata.net> Sure... usb 3-1:1.1: uevent usb 3-1: adding 3-1:1.2 (config #1, interface 2) usb 3-1:1.2: uevent btusb 3-1:1.2: usb_probe_interface btusb 3-1:1.2: usb_probe_interface - got id drivers/usb/core/inode.c: creating file '005' usb 3-1: New USB device found, idVendor=0a5c, idProduct=200a usb 3-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3 usb 3-1: Product: BCM92035DGROM usb 3-1: Manufacturer: Broadcom usb 3-1: SerialNumber: 000EA133A122 hub 1-0:1.0: state 7 ports 6 chg 0000 evt 0008 System sees BCM92035DGROM which is correct chipset. Andrew Kenton Mitchell Sean Madden wrote: > Please post the relevant section of `dmesg` > > -Sean > > Andrew Kenton Mitchell wrote: >> I see my ACB10US Targus USB Bluetooth Adapter in dmesg. >> >> It worked great with FC9 and early FC10. >> >> Lately (last month or so) FC10 on my laptop won't recognize it. I >> can't seem to figure out why. >> >> Any ideas? >> >> Thanks, >> From gopal016 at gmail.com Fri Sep 19 06:43:00 2008 From: gopal016 at gmail.com (Gopal Ghosh) Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2008 12:13:00 +0530 Subject: chmod command In-Reply-To: <48D2427F.9010305@tesco.net> References: <68e4e2330809180437m7bf65518u64e9ffb696013cc1@mail.gmail.com> <48D23F77.7040307@tesco.net> <48D240A3.3070203@verens.com> <48D2427F.9010305@tesco.net> Message-ID: <68e4e2330809182343v6d989869t709e7cb470ded941@mail.gmail.com> Dear Kae and Roger, Thank u so much 4 ur help and support ? J Today I want to share some words with all those fellow Linux devotees??. But, first let me introduce my self ?.. My name is gopal ghosh and I live in new Delhi?. my parent wanted me to become a Railway Ticket Checker at old Delhi railway station? but I want to become a computer wizard.. as pictures of computer systems influenced me so much as a kid? that Some times in my dreams even I designed few cool mouse and trackball designs. and to fulfill my dreams I joined a local computer institute, but after 2 months they throw me out as my questions irritate them in my view they are unable to satisfy my appetite to learn more?.. still today I feel the same appetite which drives me to learn new things After this incident I strongly believe in self learning?.. now I am providing support for more than 1400 products from 32 principal brands (www.adityagroup.com) my reason for learning Linux is I want to provide tech support for Autodesk smoke which runs on RHEL so to learn Linux I am here on this fedora mailing list??. I know what kind of information is mentioned in man pages to learn a command FIRST I start with books with few switches and arguments THEN I go to man pages to test some more switches and arguments , some times I find it easy to ride through the man pages, but sometimes I don't. Each time I learn a new thing I found myself deeply in love with Linux THANKS to Linux god who created such a nice thing which can perform so many task in one command? all that I mentioned here to emphasis the importance of a fair discussion with out any altercation. sometimes what I know is accurate for me and wrong for others but that doesn't mean I fight with them to prove I am right. i discuss the topic to update myself. I appreciate ur efforts to help people like me and I also request u not to involve in any kind of altercation. here I am submitting my information for CP , CHMOD and command redirection *command output redirection to file** **STDIN ? 0 STDOUT ? 1 STDERR ? 2 *> redirect STDOUT to file >> append STDOUT to pre existing file 2> redirect STDERR to file 2>> append STDERR to existing file *command < file ** send file as input* */dev/null is black hole for data as all inputs are ignored* * PIPES* * comman1 *| *command2 * STDOUT > STDIN ( ) combines STDOUT of multiple programs such as *(cal2007 ; cal2008) | less* *&2>&1 redirects STDERR to STDIN* cat filename.txt Hello, World! cat < filename.txtx Hello, World *ls **>** list.of.files *? redirect command output to this file *ls **>>** list.of.files *- append output at the end of file *command output redirection to another command* * * *ls **|** more * * * *ls **|** sort * *cp command** *cp is a file & directory copy command *cp file1 file2 dir* for /gopal.nano *cp /gopal.nano gopal2.nano /home* *cp file1 file2 file3 file4 dir* * cp -a copies files and directories recurisvly cp -p copies content along with permission and time stamp cp -i interactive mode cp -f force **cp ?api** **chmod command* change mode command octal: 0 6 4 0 binary: 000 111 111 111 symbolic: sst rwx rwx rwx special user group other attributes chmod o=r archive.sh chmod g= topsecret.inf chmod og=rw publicity.html chmod ug=o chmod g=u info.dat rwx r-x r-- info.sh 111 101 100 7 5 4 *r-- 100/4 rw- 110/6 rwx 111/7 -w- 010/2 -wx 011/3 --x 001/1* *chmod 444 gopal.nano* chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE... chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE... chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE... And finally HOPE u people don't mind me for repeating my questions again ** how to search for a group of files using wildcard and copy the result content and redirecting it to a dir ** how to use chmod command (in octal mode) for n number of files present in a directory Thanks Regards On Thu, Sep 18, 2008 at 5:28 PM, Roger Millington < roger.millington at tesco.net> wrote: > > > Kae Verens wrote: > > Roger Millington wrote: > >> man chmod > >> > > > > that's a bit harsh, Roger! It's possible that maybe Gopal does not > > understand the man pages. > > There is no indication that Gopal has read the 'man' pages or even > understands that they exist. I would expect that my response(s) will > invite Gopal's curiosity and that he will investigate this mysterious > 'man' command. > > The alternative is for someone to spend 20 minutes making precis of the > relevant 'man' pages and posting them. > > Roger > > > > > > example: > > chmod 750 filename1 filename2 > > first digit is user > > second digit is group > > third digit is everyone (world) > > 7 = allow file owner to read, write, execute > > 5 = allow members of file's group to read and execute > > 0 = do not let anyone else use the file > > > > the numbers are calculated by adding these up > > 4 = allowed to read > > 2 = allowed to write > > 1 = allowed to execute. > > so 750 = (4+2+1)(4+1)(0) > > > > kae > > > >> Gopal Ghosh wrote: > >> > >>> Dear all, > >>> how to use chmod command (in octal mode) for n number of files > >>> present in a > >>> directory > >>> Thanks > >>> regards > >>> > >>> > >>> > >>> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------ > >>> > >>> _______________________________________________ > >>> Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > >>> Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > >>> http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list > >>> > >> > >> _______________________________________________ > >> Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > >> Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > >> http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list > >> > > > > _______________________________________________ > > Fedora-laptop-list mailing list > > Fedora-laptop-list at redhat.com > > http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-laptop-list > > > -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From gayleard at eircom.net Fri Sep 19 09:18:59 2008 From: gayleard at eircom.net (Timothy Murphy) Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2008 11:18:59 +0200 Subject: ACB10US Targus USB Bluetooth Adapter with Fedora 10 References: <48D3066D.1080306@wdidata.net> Message-ID: Andrew Kenton Mitchell wrote: > I see my ACB10US Targus USB Bluetooth Adapter in dmesg. > > It worked great with FC9 and early FC10. > > Lately (last month or so) FC10 on my laptop won't recognize it. I can't > seem to figure out why. > > Any ideas? Does one have to install firmware somewhere, eg in /lib/firmware ? -- Timothy Murphy e-mail: gayleard /at/ eircom.net tel: +353-86-2336090, +353-1-2842366 s-mail: School of Mathematics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland From frankly3d at gmail.com Fri Sep 19 15:26:29 2008 From: frankly3d at gmail.com (Frank Murphy) Date: Fri, 19 Sep 2008 16:26:29 +0100 Subject: chmod command In-Reply-To: <68e4e2330809182343v6d989869t709e7cb470ded941@mail.gmail.com> References: <68e4e2330809180437m7bf65518u64e9ffb696013cc1@mail.gmail.com> <48D23F77.7040307@tesco.net> <48D240A3.3070203@verens.com> <48D2427F.9010305@tesco.net> <68e4e2330809182343v6d989869t709e7cb470ded941@mail.gmail.com> Message-ID: <1221837989.3047.8.camel@frank-01> On Fri, 2008-09-19 at 12:13 +0530, Gopal Ghosh wrote: > Dear Kae and Roger, > > My name is gopal ghosh and I live in new Delhi?. Hi Gopal, Welcome. It may help you to know that there is a good fedora community in India. If you may need ever to talk to someone closer geographically to you, and in your local language, which can be very helpful. There are some options available. http://www.redhat.com/mailman/listinfo/fedora-india (Mailing-list) On irc freenode.net #fedora-india (channel) Am open to correction. Otherwise, if all else fails, ask away. Frank > -- gpg id EB547226 Revoked Forgot Password :( aMSN: Frankly3D http://www.frankly3d.com From ecevijay6_2 at yahoo.co.in Sat Sep 20 02:39:28 2008 From: ecevijay6_2 at yahoo.co.in (vijay kumar) Date: Sat, 20 Sep 2008 08:09:28 +0530 (IST) Subject: Help me Message-ID: <756000.40125.qm@web8901.mail.in.yahoo.com> I'm using dell xps1530 with fedora ........... ?i installed driver for my nvidiageforce8000 before that my sound was working properly but after that my sound is not working please help me sort out this issue. i'm having intel 965 board............. my settings in auto detect sound card showed the sound card what i'm using ? ? ? thanks in advance for sorting out my problem Thanks and Regards, ? P.Vijayakumar Unlimited freedom, unlimited storage. Get it now, on http://help.yahoo.com/l/in/yahoo/mail/yahoomail/tools/tools-08.html/ -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From ecevijay6_2 at yahoo.co.in Sun Sep 21 04:43:21 2008 From: ecevijay6_2 at yahoo.co.in (ecevijay6_2 at yahoo.co.in) Date: Sun, 21 Sep 2008 10:13:21 +0530 (IST) Subject: Spice up your mobile Message-ID: <1204872244.1221972201629.JavaMail.SYSTEM@137128-db1> An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From lizhanhui at gmail.com Fri Sep 26 14:03:58 2008 From: lizhanhui at gmail.com (zhanhui li) Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2008 22:03:58 +0800 Subject: Is there a chinese update source? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: Hey, everyone, I am now in China and find it really slow to update my Fedora system and install package I need, Anyone who know a server offers Fedora mirror please tell me. One more thing, I am using IBM R40, my touch pad does work as it works in Windows: the cursor indeed can be navigated but it can not recognize click when I tap the pad, neither "double click". Thanks in advance. Leo. -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: From bdm at fenrir.org.uk Fri Sep 26 15:15:07 2008 From: bdm at fenrir.org.uk (Brian Morrison) Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2008 16:15:07 +0100 Subject: Is there a chinese update source? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <20080926161507.1f3237ed@peterson.fenrir.org.uk> On Fri, 26 Sep 2008 22:03:58 +0800 "zhanhui li" wrote: > One more thing, I am using IBM R40, my touch pad does work as > it works in Windows: the cursor indeed can be navigated but it can not > recognize click when I tap the pad, neither "double click". That's because the default package for the touch pad has tapping turned off. There are modified packages available, but you'll need to search for the right one. Google should be able to find it. -- Brian Morrison "Arguing with an engineer is like wrestling with a pig in the mud; after a while you realize you are muddy and the pig is enjoying it." From kae at verens.com Fri Sep 26 15:07:58 2008 From: kae at verens.com (Kae Verens) Date: Fri, 26 Sep 2008 16:07:58 +0100 Subject: Is there a chinese update source? In-Reply-To: References: Message-ID: <48DCFACE.4010705@verens.com> zhanhui li wrote: > Hey, everyone, > I am now in China and find it really slow to update my > Fedora system and install package I need, Anyone who know a server > offers Fedora mirror please tell me. not sure about that. > One more thing, I am using IBM R40, my touch pad does > work as it works in Windows: the cursor indeed can be navigated but it > can not recognize click when I tap the pad, neither "double click". try installing the synaptics RPM package. it should improve your synaptic pad's usefulness. kae From lizhanhui at gmail.com Sat Sep 27 14:19:26 2008 From: lizhanhui at gmail.com (zhanhui li) Date: Sat, 27 Sep 2008 22:19:26 +0800 Subject: How do I uninstall an program installed by wine? Message-ID: Hello, everyone, I installed a program written for Windows lately but later, I found it does not work well, So I want to uninstall it. The problem is I can not find the corresponding uninstall.exe file the installation directory. Anyone one who has any idea about that? Thanks to all. -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: