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In directory cvs1.fedora.phx.redhat.com:/tmp/cvs-serv29273/en_US

Modified Files:
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	sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html 
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	sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html 
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	sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html 
	sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html 
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	sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html 
	sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html 
	sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html 
	sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html 
	sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html 
	sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html 
	sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html 
Log Message:
Version 1.0-8 available with changes from validation process.



Index: Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:12 -0000	1.4
+++ Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:01 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.6. Secure Shell</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><l
 i class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell">3.6. Secure Shell</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.6. Secure Shell</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><l
 i class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell">3.6. Secure Shell</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Secure Shell (SSH) also provides encrypted tunnels between computers but only using a single port. <a href="http://www.redhatmagazine.com/2007/11/27/advanced-ssh-configuration-and-tunneling-we-dont-need-no-stinking-vpn-software">Port forwarding can be done over an SSH tunnel</a> and traffic will be encrypted as it passes over that tunnel but using port forwarding isn't as fluid as a VPN.
 		</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Prev</strong>3.5. Virtual Private Networks</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong>3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</a></li></ul></body></html>
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Index: Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:01 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.5. Virtual Private Networks</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html" title="3.4. Data in Motion"/><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"
 ><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.5. Virtual Private Networks</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html" title="3.4. Data in Motion"/><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"
 ><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Virtual Private Networks (VPN) provide encrypted tunnels between computers or networks of computers across all ports. With a VPN in place, all network traffic from the client is forwarded to the server through the encrypted tunnel. This means that the client is logically on the same network as the server it is connected to via the VPN. VPNs are very common and are simple to use and setup.
 		</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Prev</strong>3.4. Data in Motion</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Next</strong>3.6. Secure Shell</a></li></ul></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.4. Data in Motion</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html" title="3.3. File Based Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Si
 te"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion">3.4. Data in Motion</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.4. Data in Motion</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html" title="3.3. File Based Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html" title="3.5. Virtual Private Networks"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Si
 te"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion">3.4. Data in Motion</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Data in motion is data that is being transmitted over a network. The biggest threats to data in motion are interception and alteration. Your user name and password should never be transmitted over a network without protection as it could be intercepted and used by someone else to impersonate you or gain access to sensitive information. Other private information such as bank account information should also be protected when transmitted across a network. If the network session was encrypted then you would not have to worry as much about the data being compromised while it is being transmitted.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Data in motion is particularly vulnerable to attackers because the attacker does not have to be near the computer in which the data is being stored rather they only have to be somewhere along the path. Encryption tunnels can protect data along the path of communications.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.3. File Based Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html" title="3.4. Data in Motion"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="d
 ocnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption">3.3. File Based Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.3. File Based Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html" title="3.4. Data in Motion"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="d
 ocnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption">3.3. File Based Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			GnuPG (GPG) is an open source version of PGP that allows you to sign and/or encrypt a file or an email message. This is useful to maintain integrity of the message or file and also protects the confidentiality of the information contained within the file or email. In the case of email, GPG provides dual protection. Not only can it provide Data at Rest protection but also Data In Motion protection once the message has been sent across the network.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			File based encryption is intended to protect a file after it has left your computer, such as when you send a CD through the mail. Some file based encryption solutions will leave remnants of the encrypted files that an attacker who has physical access to your computer can recover under some circumstances. To protect the contents of those files from attackers who may have access to your computer, use file based encryption combined with another solution such as full disk encryption.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2. We Need Feedback!</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface"/><link rel="prev" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html">
 <strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="We_Need_Feedback">2. We Need Feedback!</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e369" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2. We Need Feedback!</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface"/><link rel="prev" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html">
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 		More information about the Linux Security Guide project can be found at <a href="https://fedorahosted.org/securityguide">https://fedorahosted.org/securityguide</a>
 	</div><div class="para">
 		To provide feedback for the Security Guide, please file a bug in <a href="https://fedorahosted.org/securityguide/">https://fedorahosted.org/securityguide/</a>. Please select the proper component in the dropdown menu which should be the page name.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 3. Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html" title="2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class
 ="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption">Chapter 3. Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_at_Rest">3.1. Data at Rest</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html">3.3. File Based Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"
 ><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html">3.4. Data in Motion</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html">3.6. Secure Shell</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-LUKS_Implementation_in_Fedora">3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html">3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_
 by_Step_Instructions.html">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html">3.7.5. Links of Interest</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation">3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span cl
 ass="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html">3.8.4. Things of note</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Keys_in_GNOME">3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</a></span></dt><dt><span class="se
 ction"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 3. Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html" title="2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.2. Full Disk Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class
 ="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption">Chapter 3. Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_at_Rest">3.1. Data at Rest</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption.html">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html">3.3. File Based Encryption</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"
 ><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion.html">3.4. Data in Motion</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Virtual_Private_Networks.html">3.5. Virtual Private Networks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html">3.6. Secure Shell</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html#sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-LUKS_Implementation_in_Fedora">3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html">3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_
 by_Step_Instructions.html">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html">3.7.5. Links of Interest</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation">3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span cl
 ass="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html">3.8.4. Things of note</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html#sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Keys_in_GNOME">3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</a></span></dt><dt><span class="se
 ction"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="para">
 		There are two main types of data that must be protected: data at rest and data in motion. These different types of data are protected in similar ways using similar technology but the implementations can be completely different. No single protective implementation can prevent all possible methods of compromise as the same information may be at rest and in motion at different points in time.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_at_Rest">3.1. Data at Rest</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Data at rest is data that is stored on a hard drive, tape, CD, DVD, disk, or other media. This information's biggest threat comes from being physically stolen. Laptops in airports, CDs going through the mail, and backup tapes that get left in the wrong places are all examples of events where data can be compromised through theft. If the data was encrypted on the media then you wouldn't have to worry as much about the data being compromised.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul c
 lass="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security">Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security-Tips_Guides_and_Tools">4.1. Tips, Guides, and Tools</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul c
 lass="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security">Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security-Tips_Guides_and_Tools">4.1. Tips, Guides, and Tools</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
 		The following general principals provide an overview of good security practices:
 	</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 				encrypt all data transmitted over networks to help prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and eavesdropping. It is important to encrypt authentication information, such as passwords.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 7. References</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintena
 nce-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"/></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-References">Chapter 7. References</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e16966" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16969" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16974" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16979" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16984" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16989" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16994" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16999" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e17006" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e17013" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e17020" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 7. References</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintena
 nce-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"/></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-References">Chapter 7. References</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e16974" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16977" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16982" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16987" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16992" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e16997" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e17002" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e17007" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e17014" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e17021" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e17028" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		The following references are pointers to additional information that is relevant to SELinux and Fedora but beyond the scope of this guide. Note that due to the rapid development of SELinux, some of this material may only apply to specific releases of Fedora.
 	</div><div class="variablelist" id="vari-Security_Guide-References-Books"><h6>Books</h6><dl><dt><span class="term">SELinux by Example</span></dt><dd><div class="para">
 					Mayer, MacMillan, and Caplan


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 5. Secure Installation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation">Chapter 5. Secure Installation</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html#sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Disk_Partitions">5.1. Disk Partitions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html">5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 5. Secure Installation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation">Chapter 5. Secure Installation</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html#sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Disk_Partitions">5.1. Disk Partitions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html">5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
 		Security begins with the first time you put that CD or DVD into your disk drive to install Fedora. Configuring your system securely from the beginning makes it easier to implement additional security settings later.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Disk_Partitions">5.1. Disk Partitions</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			The NSA recommends creating separate partitions for /boot, /, /home, /tmp, and /var/tmp. The reasons for each are different and we will address each partition.


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 urity_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network">Chapter 2. Securing Your Network</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security">2.1. Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Evaluating_Workstation_Security">2.1.1. Evaluating Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security">2.1.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sectio
 n"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security">2.1.3. Password Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls">2.1.4. Administrative Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services">2.1.5. Available Network Services</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls">2.1.6. Personal Firewalls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools">2.1.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sec
 tion"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html">2.2. Server Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.2.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html">2.2.2. Securing Portmap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html">2.2.3. Securing NIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html">2.2.4. Securing NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html">2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html">2.2.6. Securing FTP</a>
 </span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html">2.2.7. Securing Sendmail</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html">2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html">2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html#sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.3.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html">2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html">2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class
 ="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html">2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html">2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html">2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html#sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Advantages_of_PAM">2.4.1. Advantages of PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Config
 uration_File_Format.html">2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html">2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html">2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html">2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html">2.4.8. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect
 ion"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html">2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html#sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers">2.5.1. TCP Wrappers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html">2.5.3. xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html">2.5.5. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html">2.6. Kerbero
 s</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html#sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-What_is_Kerberos">2.6.1. What is Kerberos?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html">2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html">2.6.3. How Kerberos Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html">2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html">2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html">2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html">2.6.7. Domai
 n-to-Realm Mapping</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html">2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html">2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html">2.6.10. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html">2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html#sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-How_Does_a_VPN_Work">2.7.1. How Does a VPN Work?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html">2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html">2.7.3. IPsec</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html">2.7.5. IPsec Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html">2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html">2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec C
 onnection</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html">2.8. Firewalls</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html#sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Netfilter_and_IPTables">2.8.1. Netfilter and IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html">2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html">2.8.3. Using IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html">2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html">2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html">2.8.6
 . Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html">2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html">2.8.8. IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html">2.8.9. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html">2.9. IPTables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html#sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Packet_Filtering">2.9.1. Packet Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html">2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for
 _IPTables.html">2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html">2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html">2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html">2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html">2.9.7. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security">2.1. Workstation Security</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e1789" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 2. Securing Your Network</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Sec
 urity_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network">Chapter 2. Securing Your Network</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security">2.1. Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Evaluating_Workstation_Security">2.1.1. Evaluating Workstation Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security">2.1.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sectio
 n"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security">2.1.3. Password Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Administrative_Controls">2.1.4. Administrative Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services">2.1.5. Available Network Services</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls">2.1.6. Personal Firewalls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools">2.1.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sec
 tion"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html">2.2. Server Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.2.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html">2.2.2. Securing Portmap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html">2.2.3. Securing NIS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html">2.2.4. Securing NFS</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html">2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html">2.2.6. Securing FTP</a>
 </span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html">2.2.7. Securing Sendmail</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html">2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html">2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html#sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.3.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html">2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html">2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class
 ="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html">2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html">2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html">2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html#sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Advantages_of_PAM">2.4.1. Advantages of PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Config
 uration_File_Format.html">2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html">2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html">2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html">2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html">2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html">2.4.8. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect
 ion"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html">2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html#sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers">2.5.1. TCP Wrappers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html">2.5.3. xinetd</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html">2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html">2.5.5. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html">2.6. Kerbero
 s</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html#sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-What_is_Kerberos">2.6.1. What is Kerberos?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html">2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html">2.6.3. How Kerberos Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html">2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html">2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html">2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html">2.6.7. Domai
 n-to-Realm Mapping</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html">2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html">2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html">2.6.10. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html">2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html#sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-How_Does_a_VPN_Work">2.7.1. How Does a VPN Work?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html">2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora</a></span></dt>
 <dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html">2.7.3. IPsec</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html">2.7.5. IPsec Installation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html">2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html">2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html">2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec C
 onnection</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html">2.8. Firewalls</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html#sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Netfilter_and_IPTables">2.8.1. Netfilter and IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html">2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html">2.8.3. Using IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html">2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html">2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html">2.8.6
 . Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html">2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html">2.8.8. IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html">2.8.9. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html">2.9. IPTables</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html#sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Packet_Filtering">2.9.1. Packet Filtering</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html">2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for
 _IPTables.html">2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html">2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html">2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html">2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html">2.9.7. Additional Resources</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security">2.1. Workstation Security</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e1789" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		Securing a Linux environment begins with the workstation. Whether locking down a personal machine or securing an enterprise system, sound security policy begins with the individual computer. A computer network is only as secure as its weakest node.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Evaluating_Workstation_Security">2.1.1. Evaluating Workstation Security</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e1797" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1804" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1811" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1818" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1825" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1832" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			When evaluating the security of a Fedora workstation, consider the following:
@@ -204,11 +204,11 @@
 				</div><div class="para">
 					Many password cracking programs are available that run under Fedora, although none ship with the operating system. Below is a brief list of some of the more popular password cracking programs:
 				</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
-						None of these tools are supplied with Fedora and are therefore not supported by Fedora. in any way.
+						None of these tools are supplied with Fedora and are therefore not supported by Fedora in any way.
 					</div></div><a id="d0e2450" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e2455" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e2463" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e2471" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 							<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="application"><strong>John The Ripper</strong></span></em></span> — A fast and flexible password cracking program. It allows the use of multiple word lists and is capable of brute-force password cracking. It is available online at <a href="http://www.openwall.com/john/">http://www.openwall.com/john/</a>.
 						</div></li><li><div class="para">
-							<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="application"><strong>Crack</strong></span></em></span> — Perhaps the most well known password cracking software, <span class="application"><strong>Crack</strong></span> is also very fast, though not as easy to use as <span class="application"><strong>John The Ripper</strong></span>. It can be found online at <a href="http://www.crypticide.com/users/alecm/">http://www.crypticide.com/users/alecm/</a>.
+							<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="application"><strong>Crack</strong></span></em></span> — Perhaps the most well known password cracking software, <span class="application"><strong>Crack</strong></span> is also very fast, though not as easy to use as <span class="application"><strong>John The Ripper</strong></span>. It can be found online at <a href="http://www.crypticide.com/alecm/security/c50-faq.html">http://www.crypticide.com/alecm/security/c50-faq.html</a>.
 						</div></li><li><div class="para">
 							<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="application"><strong>Slurpie</strong></span></em></span> — <span class="application"><strong>Slurpie</strong></span> is similar to <span class="application"><strong>John The Ripper</strong></span> and <span class="application"><strong>Crack</strong></span>, but it is designed to run on multiple computers simultaneously, creating a distributed password cracking attack. It can be found along with a number of other distributed attack security evaluation tools online at <a href="http://www.ussrback.com/distributed.htm">http://www.ussrback.com/distributed.htm</a>.
 						</div></li></ul></div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
@@ -227,7 +227,16 @@
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">chage <em class="replaceable"><code><username></code></em></code>
 </pre><div class="para">
 					The following is a sample interactive session using this command:
-				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput"> [root at interch-dev1 ~]# chage davido Changing the aging information for davido Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default Minimum Password Age [0]: 10 Maximum Password Age [99999]: 90 Last Password Change (YYYY-MM-DD) [2006-08-18]: Password Expiration Warning [7]: Password Inactive [-1]: Account Expiration Date (YYYY-MM-DD) [1969-12-31]: [root at interch-dev1 ~]# </code>
+				</div><pre class="screen">[root at interch-dev1 ~]# chage davido 
+Changing the aging information for davido 
+Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default 
+Minimum Password Age [0]: 10
+Maximum Password Age [99999]: 90 
+Last Password Change (YYYY-MM-DD) [2006-08-18]: 
+Password Expiration Warning [7]: 
+Password Inactive [-1]: 
+Account Expiration Date (YYYY-MM-DD) [1969-12-31]: 
+[root at interch-dev1 ~]#
 </pre><div class="para">
 					Refer to the man page for chage for more information on the available options.
 				</div><div class="para">
@@ -251,7 +260,7 @@
 				The <code class="computeroutput">s</code> may be upper case or lower case. If it appears as upper case, it means that the underlying permission bit has not been set.
 			</div></div><div class="para">
 			For the system administrators of an organization, however, choices must be made as to how much administrative access users within the organization should have to their machine. Through a PAM module called <code class="filename">pam_console.so</code>, some activities normally reserved only for the root user, such as rebooting and mounting removable media are allowed for the first user that logs in at the physical console (refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)">Section 2.4, “Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)”</a> for more information about the <code class="filename">pam_console.so</code> module.) However, other important system administration tasks, such as altering network settings, configuring a new mouse, or mounting network devices, are not possible without administrative privileges. As a result, system administrators must decide how much access the user
 s on their network should receive.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Allowing_Root_Access">2.1.4.1. Allowing Root Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e2712" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e2715" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e2720" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Allowing_Root_Access">2.1.4.1. Allowing Root Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e2710" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e2713" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e2718" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				If the users within an organization are trusted and computer-literate, then allowing them root access may not be an issue. Allowing root access by users means that minor activities, like adding devices or configuring network interfaces, can be handled by the individual users, leaving system administrators free to deal with network security and other important issues.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				On the other hand, giving root access to individual users can lead to the following issues:
@@ -261,11 +270,11 @@
 						<span class="emphasis"><em>Running Insecure Services</em></span> — Users with root access might run insecure servers on their machine, such as FTP or Telnet, potentially putting usernames and passwords at risk. These services transmit this information over the network in plain text.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						<span class="emphasis"><em>Running Email Attachments As Root</em></span> — Although rare, email viruses that affect Linux do exist. The only time they are a threat, however, is when they are run by the root user.
-					</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access">2.1.4.2. Disallowing Root Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e2751" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Disallowing_Root_Access">2.1.4.2. Disallowing Root Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e2749" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				If an administrator is uncomfortable allowing users to log in as root for these or other reasons, the root password should be kept secret, and access to runlevel one or single user mode should be disallowed through boot loader password protection (refer to <a class="xref" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-BIOS_and_Boot_Loader_Security-Boot_Loader_Passwords" title="2.1.2.2. Boot Loader Passwords">Section 2.1.2.2, “Boot Loader Passwords”</a> for more information on this topic.)
 			</div><div class="para">
 				<a class="xref" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#tabl-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Methods_of_Disabling_the_Root_Account" title="Table 2.1. Methods of Disabling the Root Account">Table 2.1, “Methods of Disabling the Root Account”</a> describes ways that an administrator can further ensure that root logins are disallowed:
-			</div><a id="d0e2764" class="indexterm"/><div class="table" id="tabl-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Methods_of_Disabling_the_Root_Account"><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Methods of Disabling the Root Account" border="1"><colgroup><col width="20*"/><col width="50*"/><col width="50*"/><col width="50*"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th>
+			</div><a id="d0e2762" class="indexterm"/><div class="table" id="tabl-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Methods_of_Disabling_the_Root_Account"><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Methods of Disabling the Root Account" border="1"><colgroup><col width="20*"/><col width="50*"/><col width="50*"/><col width="50*"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th>
 								Method
 							</th><th>
 								Description
@@ -300,29 +309,32 @@
 							</td></tr><tr><td>
 								Use PAM to limit root access to services.
 							</td><td>
-								Edit the file for the target service in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory. Make sure the <code class="filename">pam_listfile.so</code> is required for authentication.<sup>[<a id="d0e2973" href="#ftn.d0e2973" class="footnote">a</a>]</sup>
+								Edit the file for the target service in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory. Make sure the <code class="filename">pam_listfile.so</code> is required for authentication.<sup>[<a id="d0e2971" href="#ftn.d0e2971" class="footnote">a</a>]</sup>
 							</td><td>
 								<table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> Prevents root access to network services that are PAM aware. </td></tr><tr><td> The following services are prevented from accessing the root account: </td></tr><tr><td> · FTP clients </td></tr><tr><td> · Email clients </td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">login</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">gdm</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">kdm</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">xdm</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">ssh</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">scp</code></td></tr><tr><td> · <code class="command">sftp</code></td></tr><tr><td> · Any PAM aware services </td></tr></table>
 							</td><td>
 								<table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> Programs and services that are not PAM aware. </td></tr></table>
-							</td></tr></tbody><tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="4"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.d0e2973" href="#d0e2973" class="para">a</a>] </sup>
+							</td></tr></tbody><tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="4"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.d0e2971" href="#d0e2971" class="para">a</a>] </sup>
 									Refer to <a class="xref" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM" title="2.1.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM">Section 2.1.4.2.4, “Disabling Root Using PAM”</a> for details.
 								</p></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h6>Table 2.1. Methods of Disabling the Root Account</h6></div><br class="table-break"/><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_the_Root_Shell">2.1.4.2.1. Disabling the Root Shell</h5></div></div></div><div class="para">
 					To prevent users from logging in directly as root, the system administrator can set the root account's shell to <code class="command">/sbin/nologin</code> in the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file. This prevents access to the root account through commands that require a shell, such as the <code class="command">su</code> and the <code class="command">ssh</code> commands.
 				</div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
 						Programs that do not require access to the shell, such as email clients or the <code class="command">sudo</code> command, can still access the root account.
-					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins">2.1.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3055" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Logins">2.1.4.2.2. Disabling Root Logins</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3053" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					To further limit access to the root account, administrators can disable root logins at the console by editing the <code class="filename">/etc/securetty</code> file. This file lists all devices the root user is allowed to log into. If the file does not exist at all, the root user can log in through any communication device on the system, whether via the console or a raw network interface. This is dangerous, because a user can log in to his machine as root via Telnet, which transmits the password in plain text over the network. By default, Fedora's <code class="filename">/etc/securetty</code> file only allows the root user to log in at the console physically attached to the machine. To prevent root from logging in, remove the contents of this file by typing the following command:
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">echo > /etc/securetty</code>
 </pre><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
 						A blank <code class="filename">/etc/securetty</code> file does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> prevent the root user from logging in remotely using the OpenSSH suite of tools because the console is not opened until after authentication.
-					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins">2.1.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3088" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_SSH_Logins">2.1.4.2.3. Disabling Root SSH Logins</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3086" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					To prevent root logins via the SSH protocol, edit the SSH daemon's configuration file (<code class="filename">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>). Change the line that reads:
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput"># PermitRootLogin yes</code>
 </pre><div class="para">
 					to read as follows:
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput"> PermitRootLogin no</code>
-</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM">2.1.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3113" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+</pre><div class="para">
+					For these changes to take effect, the SSH daemon must be restarted. This can be done via the following command:
+				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput">kill -HUP `cat /var/run/sshd.pid`</code>
+</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Disallowing_Root_Access-Disabling_Root_Using_PAM">2.1.4.2.4. Disabling Root Using PAM</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3117" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					PAM, through the <code class="filename">/lib/security/pam_listfile.so</code> module, allows great flexibility in denying specific accounts. The administrator can use this module to reference a list of users who are not allowed to log in. Below is an example of how the module is used for the <code class="command">vsftpd</code> FTP server in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/vsftpd</code> PAM configuration file (the <code class="computeroutput">\</code> character at the end of the first line in the following example is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> necessary if the directive is on one line):
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput">auth required /lib/security/pam_listfile.so item=user \ sense=deny file=/etc/vsftpd.ftpusers onerr=succeed</code>
 </pre><div class="para">
@@ -331,12 +343,12 @@
 					If the administrator wants to deny access to multiple services, a similar line can be added to the PAM configuration files, such as <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/pop</code> and <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/imap</code> for mail clients, or <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/ssh</code> for SSH clients.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					For more information about PAM, refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)">Section 2.4, “Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)”</a>.
-				</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access">2.1.4.3. Limiting Root Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e3164" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Administrative_Controls-Limiting_Root_Access">2.1.4.3. Limiting Root Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e3168" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Rather than completely denying access to the root user, the administrator may want to allow access only via setuid programs, such as <code class="command">su</code> or <code class="command">sudo</code>.
-			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_su_Command">2.1.4.3.1. The <code class="command">su</code> Command</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3183" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3192" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_su_Command">2.1.4.3.1. The <code class="command">su</code> Command</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3187" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3196" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					When a user executes the <code class="command">su</code> command, they are prompted for the root password and, after authentication, is given a root shell prompt.
 				</div><div class="para">
-					Once logged in via the <code class="command">su</code> command, the user <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> the root user and has absolute administrative access to the system<sup>[<a id="d0e3211" href="#ftn.d0e3211" class="footnote">13</a>]</sup>. In addition, once a user has become root, it is possible for them to use the <code class="command">su</code> command to change to any other user on the system without being prompted for a password.
+					Once logged in via the <code class="command">su</code> command, the user <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> the root user and has absolute administrative access to the system<sup>[<a id="d0e3215" href="#ftn.d0e3215" class="footnote">13</a>]</sup>. In addition, once a user has become root, it is possible for them to use the <code class="command">su</code> command to change to any other user on the system without being prompted for a password.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					Because this program is so powerful, administrators within an organization may wish to limit who has access to the command.
 				</div><div class="para">
@@ -344,7 +356,7 @@
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">usermod -G wheel <em class="replaceable"><code><username></code></em></code>
 </pre><div class="para">
 					In the previous command, replace <em class="replaceable"><code><username></code></em> with the username you want to add to the <code class="command">wheel</code> group.
-				</div><a id="d0e3239" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div><a id="d0e3243" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					You can also use the <span class="application"><strong>User Manager</strong></span> to modify group memberships, as follows. Note: you need Administrator privileges to perform this procedure.
 				</div><div class="procedure"><ol class="1"><li><div class="para">
 							Click the <span class="guimenu"><strong>System</strong></span> menu on the Panel, point to <span class="guisubmenu"><strong>Administration</strong></span> and then click <span class="guimenuitem"><strong>Users and Groups</strong></span> to display the User Manager. Alternatively, type the command <code class="command">system-config-users</code> at a shell prompt.
@@ -363,7 +375,7 @@
 								<span class="guilabel"><strong>Groups</strong></span> pane illustration
 							</div></div></div></div><h6>Figure 2.2. Adding users to the "wheel" group.</h6></div><br class="figure-break"/><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 						The root user is part of the <code class="computeroutput">wheel</code> group by default.
-					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command">2.1.4.3.2. The <code class="command">sudo</code> Command</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3343" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3352" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Limiting_Root_Access-The_sudo_Command">2.1.4.3.2. The <code class="command">sudo</code> Command</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e3347" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3356" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					The <code class="command">sudo</code> command offers another approach to giving users administrative access. When trusted users precede an administrative command with <code class="command">sudo</code>, they are prompted for <span class="emphasis"><em>their own</em></span> password. Then, when they have been authenticated and assuming that the command is permitted, the administrative command is executed as if they were the root user.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					The basic format of the <code class="command">sudo</code> command is as follows:
@@ -392,11 +404,11 @@
 					This example states that any user can issue the command <code class="command">/sbin/shutdown -h now</code> as long as it is issued from the console.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					The man page for <code class="filename">sudoers</code> has a detailed listing of options for this file.
-				</div></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services">2.1.5. Available Network Services</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e3481" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Available_Network_Services">2.1.5. Available Network Services</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e3485" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			While user access to administrative controls is an important issue for system administrators within an organization, monitoring which network services are active is of paramount importance to anyone who administers and operates a Linux system.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Many services under Fedora behave as network servers. If a network service is running on a machine, then a server application (called a <em class="firstterm">daemon</em>), is listening for connections on one or more network ports. Each of these servers should be treated as a potential avenue of attack.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Risks_To_Services">2.1.5.1. Risks To Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e3494" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3499" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3506" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3513" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Risks_To_Services">2.1.5.1. Risks To Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e3498" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3503" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3510" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3517" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Network services can pose many risks for Linux systems. Below is a list of some of the primary issues:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<span class="emphasis"><em>Denial of Service Attacks (DoS)</em></span> — By flooding a service with requests, a denial of service attack can render a system unusable as it tries to log and answer each request.
@@ -404,13 +416,13 @@
 						<span class="emphasis"><em>Script Vulnerability Attacks</em></span> — If a server is using scripts to execute server-side actions, as Web servers commonly do, a cracker can attack improperly written scripts. These script vulnerability attacks can lead to a buffer overflow condition or allow the attacker to alter files on the system.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						<span class="emphasis"><em>Buffer Overflow Attacks</em></span> — Services that connect to ports numbered 0 through 1023 must run as an administrative user. If the application has an exploitable buffer overflow, an attacker could gain access to the system as the user running the daemon. Because exploitable buffer overflows exist, crackers use automated tools to identify systems with vulnerabilities, and once they have gained access, they use automated rootkits to maintain their access to the system.
-					</div></li></ul></div><a id="d0e3541" class="indexterm"/><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
+					</div></li></ul></div><a id="d0e3545" class="indexterm"/><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 					The threat of buffer overflow vulnerabilities is mitigated in Fedora by <em class="firstterm">ExecShield</em>, an executable memory segmentation and protection technology supported by x86-compatible uni- and multi-processor kernels. ExecShield reduces the risk of buffer overflow by separating virtual memory into executable and non-executable segments. Any program code that tries to execute outside of the executable segment (such as malicious code injected from a buffer overflow exploit) triggers a segmentation fault and terminates.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					Execshield also includes support for <em class="firstterm">No eXecute</em> (<acronym class="acronym">NX</acronym>) technology on AMD64 platforms and <em class="firstterm">eXecute Disable</em> (<acronym class="acronym">XD</acronym>) technology on Itanium and <span class="trademark">Intel</span>® 64 systems. These technologies work in conjunction with ExecShield to prevent malicious code from running in the executable portion of virtual memory with a granularity of 4KB of executable code, lowering the risk of attack from stealthy buffer overflow exploits.
 				</div></div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
 					To limit exposure to attacks over the network, all services that are unused should be turned off.
-				</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services">2.1.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e3581" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3586" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3590" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3594" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3598" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3602" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3606" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services">2.1.5.2. Identifying and Configuring Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e3585" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3590" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3594" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3598" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3602" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3606" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3610" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				To enhance security, most network services installed with Fedora are turned off by default. There are, however, some notable exceptions:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="command">cupsd</code> — The default print server for Fedora.
@@ -424,13 +436,13 @@
 						<code class="command">sshd</code> — The OpenSSH server, which is a secure replacement for Telnet.
 					</div></li></ul></div><div class="para">
 				When determining whether to leave these services running, it is best to use common sense and err on the side of caution. For example, if a printer is not available, do not leave <code class="command">cupsd</code> running. The same is true for <code class="command">portmap</code>. If you do not mount NFSv3 volumes or use NIS (the <code class="command">ypbind</code> service), then <code class="command">portmap</code> should be disabled.
-			</div><a id="d0e3672" class="indexterm"/><div class="figure" id="figu-Security_Guide-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services-Services_Configuration_Tool"><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/serv-config.png" alt="Services Configuration Tool"/><div class="longdesc"><div class="para">
+			</div><a id="d0e3676" class="indexterm"/><div class="figure" id="figu-Security_Guide-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services-Services_Configuration_Tool"><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/serv-config.png" alt="Services Configuration Tool"/><div class="longdesc"><div class="para">
 							<span class="application"><strong>Services Configuration Tool</strong></span> illustration
 						</div></div></div></div><h6>Figure 2.3. <span class="application">Services Configuration Tool</span></h6></div><br class="figure-break"/><div class="para">
 				If unsure of the purpose for a particular service, the <span class="application"><strong>Services Configuration Tool</strong></span> has a description field, illustrated in <a class="xref" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#figu-Security_Guide-Identifying_and_Configuring_Services-Services_Configuration_Tool" title="Figure 2.3. Services Configuration Tool">Figure 2.3, “Services Configuration Tool”</a>, that provides additional information.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Checking which network services are available to start at boot time is only part of the story. You should also check which ports are open and listening. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening">Section 2.2.8, “Verifying Which Ports Are Listening”</a> for more information.
-			</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services">2.1.5.3. Insecure Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e3703" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Available_Network_Services-Insecure_Services">2.1.5.3. Insecure Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e3707" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Potentially, any network service is insecure. This is why turning off unused services is so important. Exploits for services are routinely revealed and patched, making it very important to regularly update packages associated with any network service. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates">Section 1.5, “Security Updates”</a> for more information.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Some network protocols are inherently more insecure than others. These include any services that:
@@ -444,7 +456,7 @@
 						Other services like <code class="command">finger</code> and <code class="command">rwhod</code> reveal information about users of the system.
 					</div></li></ul></div><div class="para">
 				Examples of inherently insecure services include <code class="command">rlogin</code>, <code class="command">rsh</code>, <code class="command">telnet</code>, and <code class="command">vsftpd</code>.
-			</div><a id="d0e3752" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3757" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3762" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div><a id="d0e3756" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3761" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3766" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				All remote login and shell programs (<code class="command">rlogin</code>, <code class="command">rsh</code>, and <code class="command">telnet</code>) should be avoided in favor of SSH. Refer to <a class="xref" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools" title="2.1.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools">Section 2.1.7, “Security Enhanced Communication Tools”</a> for more information about <code class="command">sshd</code>.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				FTP is not as inherently dangerous to the security of the system as remote shells, but FTP servers must be carefully configured and monitored to avoid problems. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP">Section 2.2.6, “Securing FTP”</a> for more information about securing FTP servers.
@@ -476,19 +488,19 @@
 				More information on securing network services is available in <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security">Section 2.2, “Server Security”</a>.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The next section discusses tools available to set up a simple firewall.
-			</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls">2.1.6. Personal Firewalls</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e3868" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Personal_Firewalls">2.1.6. Personal Firewalls</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e3872" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			After the <span class="emphasis"><em>necessary</em></span> network services are configured, it is important to implement a firewall.
 		</div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
 				You should configure the necessary services and implement a firewall <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> connecting to the Internet or any other network that you do not trust.
 			</div></div><div class="para">
 			Firewalls prevent network packets from accessing the system's network interface. If a request is made to a port that is blocked by a firewall, the request is ignored. If a service is listening on one of these blocked ports, it does not receive the packets and is effectively disabled. For this reason, care should be taken when configuring a firewall to block access to ports not in use, while not blocking access to ports used by configured services.
 		</div><div class="para">
-			For most users, the best tool for configuring a simple firewall is the graphical firewall configuration tool which ships with Fedora: the <span class="application"><strong>Security Level Configuration Tool</strong></span> (<code class="command">system-config-securitylevel</code>). This tool creates broad <code class="command">iptables</code> rules for a general-purpose firewall using a control panel interface.
+			For most users, the best tool for configuring a simple firewall is the graphical firewall configuration tool which ships with Fedora: the <span class="application"><strong>Firewall Configuration Tool</strong></span> (<code class="command">system-config-firewall</code>). This tool creates broad <code class="command">iptables</code> rules for a general-purpose firewall using a control panel interface.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration">Section 2.8.2, “Basic Firewall Configuration”</a> for more information about using this application and its available options.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			For advanced users and server administrators, manually configuring a firewall with <code class="command">iptables</code> is probably a better option. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls">Section 2.8, “Firewalls”</a> for more information. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables">Section 2.9, “IPTables”</a> for a comprehensive guide to the <code class="command">iptables</code> command.
-		</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools">2.1.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e3918" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3923" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3930" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Security_Enhanced_Communication_Tools">2.1.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e3922" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3927" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3934" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			As the size and popularity of the Internet has grown, so has the threat of communication interception. Over the years, tools have been developed to encrypt communications as they are transferred over the network.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Fedora ships with two basic tools that use high-level, public-key-cryptography-based encryption algorithms to protect information as it travels over the network.
@@ -496,7 +508,7 @@
 					<span class="emphasis"><em>OpenSSH</em></span> — A free implementation of the SSH protocol for encrypting network communication.
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					<span class="emphasis"><em>Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG)</em></span> — A free implementation of the PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption application for encrypting data.
-				</div></li></ul></div><a id="d0e3954" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3957" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3963" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3969" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></li></ul></div><a id="d0e3958" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3961" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3967" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e3973" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			OpenSSH is a safer way to access a remote machine and replaces older, unencrypted services like <code class="command">telnet</code> and <code class="command">rsh</code>. OpenSSH includes a network service called <code class="command">sshd</code> and three command line client applications:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="command">ssh</code> — A secure remote console access client.
@@ -504,7 +516,9 @@
 					<code class="command">scp</code> — A secure remote copy command.
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="command">sftp</code> — A secure pseudo-ftp client that allows interactive file transfer sessions.
-				</div></li></ul></div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
+				</div></li></ul></div><div class="para">
+			Refer to <a class="xref" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell">Section 3.6, “Secure Shell”</a> for more information regarding OpenSSH.
+		</div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
 				Although the <code class="command">sshd</code> service is inherently secure, the service <span class="emphasis"><em>must</em></span> be kept up-to-date to prevent security threats. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates">Section 1.5, “Security Updates”</a> for more information.
 			</div></div><div class="para">
 			GPG is one way to ensure private email communication. It can be used both to email sensitive data over public networks and to protect sensitive data on hard drives.
@@ -512,6 +526,6 @@
 					Since system BIOSes differ between manufacturers, some may not support password protection of either type, while others may support one type but not the other.
 				</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.d0e2053" href="#d0e2053" class="para">12</a>] </sup>
 						GRUB also accepts unencrypted passwords, but it is recommended that an MD5 hash be used for added security.
-					</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.d0e3211" href="#d0e3211" class="para">13</a>] </sup>
+					</p></div><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.d0e3215" href="#d0e3215" class="para">13</a>] </sup>
 						This access is still subject to the restrictions imposed by SELinux, if it is enabled.
 					</p></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong>1.5. Security Updates</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2. Server Security</a></li></ul></body></html>
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Index: chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html
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--- chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:01 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 1. Security Overview</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="We_Need_Feedback.html" title="2. We Need Feedback!"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><strong
 >Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview">Chapter 1. Security Overview</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security">1.1. Introduction to Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-What_is_Computer_Security">1.1.1. What is Computer Security?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Security_Controls">1.1.2. Security Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#se
 ct-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Conclusion">1.1.3. Conclusion</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html#sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Thinking_Like_the_Enemy">1.2.1. Thinking Like the Enemy</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_V
 ulnerabilities.html#sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-A_Quick_History_of_Hackers">1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html">1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html">1.5. Security Updates</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="
 sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html#sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates-Updating_Packages">1.5.1. Updating Packages</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><a id="d0e387" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e390" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 1. Security Overview</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="We_Need_Feedback.html" title="2. We Need Feedback!"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><strong
 >Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview">Chapter 1. Security Overview</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security">1.1. Introduction to Security</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-What_is_Computer_Security">1.1.1. What is Computer Security?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#sect-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Security_Controls">1.1.2. Security Controls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html#se
 ct-Security_Guide-Introduction_to_Security-Conclusion">1.1.3. Conclusion</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html#sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Thinking_Like_the_Enemy">1.2.1. Thinking Like the Enemy</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_V
 ulnerabilities.html#sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-A_Quick_History_of_Hackers">1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html">1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html">1.5. Security Updates</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="
 sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html#sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates-Updating_Packages">1.5.1. Updating Packages</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><a id="d0e387" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e390" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		Because of the increased reliance on powerful, networked computers to help run businesses and keep track of our personal information, industries have been formed around the practice of network and computer security. Enterprises have solicited the knowledge and skills of security experts to properly audit systems and tailor solutions to fit the operating requirements of the organization. Because most organizations are dynamic in nature, with workers accessing company IT resources locally and remotely, the need for secure computing environments has become more pronounced.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		Unfortunately, most organizations (as well as individual users) regard security as an afterthought, a process that is overlooked in favor of increased power, productivity, and budgetary concerns. Proper security implementation is often enacted <em class="firstterm">postmortem</em> — after an unauthorized intrusion has already occurred. Security experts agree that taking the correct measures prior to connecting a site to an untrusted network, such as the Internet, is an effective means of thwarting most attempts at intrusion.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="D
 ocumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance">Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html#sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Minimal_Software">6.1. Install Minimal Software</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-
 Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html" title="5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="D
 ocumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="chapter" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance">Chapter 6. Software Maintenance</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html#sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Minimal_Software">6.1. Install Minimal Software</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-
 Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="para">
 		Software maintenance is extremely important to maintaining a secure system. It is vital to patch software as soon as it becomes available in order to prevent attackers from using known holes to infiltrate your system.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Minimal_Software">6.1. Install Minimal Software</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			It is best practice to install only the packages you will use because each piece of software on your computer could possibly contain a vulnerability. If you are installing from the DVD media take the opportunity to select exactly what packages you want to install during the installation. When you find you need another package, you can always add it to the system later.


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 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>security-guide</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><meta name="description" content="The Linux Security Guide is designed to assist users of Linux in learning the processes and practices of securing workstations and servers against local and remote intrusion, exploitation, and malicious activity. The Linux Security Guide details the planning and the tools involved in creating a secured computing environment for the data center, workplace, and home. With proper administrative knowledge, vigilance, and tools, systems running Linux can be both fully functional and secured from most common intrusion and exploit methods."/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="next" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface"/></head><bod
 y class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"/><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="book" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div class="producttitle"><span class="productname">fedora</span> <span class="productnumber">11</span></div><div><h1 id="d0e1" class="title">security-guide</h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">A Guide to Securing Fedora Linux</h2></div><p class="edition">Edition 1.0</p><div><h3 class="corpauthor">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>security-guide</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><meta name="description" content="The Linux Security Guide is designed to assist users of Linux in learning the processes and practices of securing workstations and servers against local and remote intrusion, exploitation, and malicious activity. The Linux Security Guide details the planning and the tools involved in creating a secured computing environment for the data center, workplace, and home. With proper administrative knowledge, vigilance, and tools, systems running Linux can be both fully functional and secured from most common intrusion and exploit methods."/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="next" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html" title="Preface"/></head><bod
 y class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"/><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="pref-Security_Guide-Preface.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="book" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div class="producttitle"><span class="productname">fedora</span> <span class="productnumber">11</span></div><div><h1 id="d0e1" class="title">security-guide</h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">A Guide to Securing Fedora Linux</h2></div><p class="edition">Edition 1.0</p><div><h3 class="corpauthor">
 				<span class="inlinemediaobject"><object type="image/svg+xml" data="Common_Content/images/title_logo.svg"/></span>
 			</h3></div><div><div class="authorgroup"><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Johnray</span> <span class="surname">Fuller</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:jrfuller at redhat.com">jrfuller at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">John</span> <span class="surname">Ha</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:jha at redhat.com">jha at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">O'Brien</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:daobrien at redhat.com">daobrien at redhat.com</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Eric</span> <span class=
 "surname">Christensen</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Fedora Project</span> <span class="orgdiv">Documentation Team</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:sparks at fedoraproject.org">sparks at fedoraproject.org</a></code></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Scott</span> <span class="surname">Radvan</span></h3><div class="affiliation"><span class="orgname">Red Hat</span></div><code class="email"><a class="email" href="mailto:sradvan at redhat.com">sradvan at redhat.com</a></code></div></div></div><hr/><div><div id="d0e27" class="legalnotice"><h1 class="legalnotice">Legal Notice</h1><div class="para">
 		Copyright <span class="trademark"/>© 2008 Red Hat, Inc. This material may only be distributed subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, V1.0, (the latest version is presently available at <a href="http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/">http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/</a>).


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Preface</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="next" href="We_Need_Feedback.html" title="2. We Need Feedback!"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="index.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><st
 rong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="preface" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 id="pref-Security_Guide-Preface" class="title">Preface</h1></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="d0e101">1. Document Conventions</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>Preface</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="prev" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="next" href="We_Need_Feedback.html" title="2. We Need Feedback!"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="index.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="We_Need_Feedback.html"><st
 rong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="preface" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 id="pref-Security_Guide-Preface" class="title">Preface</h1></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="d0e101">1. Document Conventions</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 		This manual uses several conventions to highlight certain words and phrases and draw attention to specific pieces of information.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		In PDF and paper editions, this manual uses typefaces drawn from the <a href="https://fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts/">Liberation Fonts</a> set. The Liberation Fonts set is also used in HTML editions if the set is installed on your system. If not, alternative but equivalent typefaces are displayed. Note: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and later includes the Liberation Fonts set by default.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.5.3. Related Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.5. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html" title="2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site
 "/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books">2.5.5.3. Related Books</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9173" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9180" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.5.3. Related Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.5. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html" title="2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site
 "/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books">2.5.5.3. Related Books</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9181" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9188" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<em class="citetitle">Hacking Linux Exposed</em> by Brian Hatch, James Lee, and George Kurtz; Osbourne/McGraw-Hill — An excellent security resource with information about TCP Wrappers and <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>.
 					</div></li></ul></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.6. Kerberos</a></li></ul></body></html>
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Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.9.3. Related Documentation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.8.9. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html" title="2.8.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul
  class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation">2.8.9.3. Related Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.9.3. Related Documentation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.8.9. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html" title="2.8.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul
  class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation">2.8.9.3. Related Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<em class="citetitle">Red Hat Linux Firewalls</em>, by Bill McCarty; Red Hat Press — a comprehensive reference to building network and server firewalls using open source packet filtering technology such as Netfilter and <code class="command">iptables</code>. It includes topics that cover analyzing firewall logs, developing firewall rules, and customizing your firewall using various graphical tools.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						<em class="citetitle">Linux Firewalls</em>, by Robert Ziegler; New Riders Press — contains a wealth of information on building firewalls using both 2.2 kernel <code class="command">ipchains</code> as well as Netfilter and <code class="command">iptables</code>. Additional security topics such as remote access issues and intrusion detection systems are also covered.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.8.9. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.8.9. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html" title="2.8.9.3. Related Documentation"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt=
 "Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites">2.8.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.8.9. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.8.9. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html" title="2.8.9.3. Related Documentation"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt=
 "Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites">2.8.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://www.netfilter.org/">http://www.netfilter.org/</a> — The official homepage of the Netfilter and <code class="command">iptables</code> project.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://www.tldp.org/">http://www.tldp.org/</a> — The Linux Documentation Project contains several useful guides relating to firewall creation and administration.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.7. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.7. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="
 docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites">2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e16299" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.7. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.7. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="
 docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites">2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e16307" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://www.netfilter.org/">http://www.netfilter.org/</a> — The home of the netfilter/iptables project. Contains assorted information about <code class="command">iptables</code>, including a FAQ addressing specific problems and various helpful guides by Rusty Russell, the Linux IP firewall maintainer. The HOWTO documents on the site cover subjects such as basic networking concepts, kernel packet filtering, and NAT configurations.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://www.linuxnewbie.org/nhf/Security/IPtables_Basics.html">http://www.linuxnewbie.org/nhf/Security/IPtables_Basics.html</a> — An introduction to the way packets move through the Linux kernel, plus an introduction to constructing basic <code class="command">iptables</code> commands.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.10. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.10. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docum
 entation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites">2.6.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e10891" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.10. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.10. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docum
 entation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites">2.6.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e10899" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/">http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/</a> — <em class="citetitle">Kerberos: The Network Authentication Protocol</em> webpage from MIT.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://www.nrl.navy.mil/CCS/people/kenh/kerberos-faq.html">http://www.nrl.navy.mil/CCS/people/kenh/kerberos-faq.html</a> — The Kerberos Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ).


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.8.2. Useful PAM Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.4.8. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.4.8. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/
 images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites">2.4.8.2. Useful PAM Websites</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7146" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.8.2. Useful PAM Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.4.8. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.4.8. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/
 images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites">2.4.8.2. Useful PAM Websites</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7154" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/">http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/</a> — The primary distribution website for the Linux-PAM project, containing information on various PAM modules, a FAQ, and additional PAM documentation.
 					</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 							The documentation in the above website is for the last released upstream version of PAM and might not be 100% accurate for the PAM version included in Fedora.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.5. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.5. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html" title="2.5.5.3. Related Books"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image
 _right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites">2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9136" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9143" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.5. Additional Resources"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.5. Additional Resources"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html" title="2.5.5.3. Related Books"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image
 _right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites">2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9144" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9151" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://www.xinetd.org">http://www.xinetd.org/</a> — The home of <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>, containing sample configuration files, a full listing of features, and an informative FAQ.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						<a href="http://www.macsecurity.org/resources/xinetd/tutorial.shtml">http://www.macsecurity.org/resources/xinetd/tutorial.shtml</a> — A thorough tutorial that discusses many different ways to optimize default <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> configuration files to meet specific security goals.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.3.2. Access Control Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.p
 ng" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options">2.5.4.3.2. Access Control Options</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8669" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8677" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.3.2. Access Control Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.p
 ng" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options">2.5.4.3.2. Access Control Options</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8677" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8685" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Users of <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> services can choose to use the TCP Wrappers hosts access rules, provide access control via the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> configuration files, or a mixture of both. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files">Section 2.5.2, “TCP Wrappers Configuration Files”</a> for more information about TCP Wrappers hosts access control files.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					This section discusses using <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> to control access to services.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.2. Access Control Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.4. Resource Management Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Produ
 ct Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options">2.5.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8839" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8847" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.2. Access Control Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.4. Resource Management Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Produ
 ct Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options">2.5.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8847" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8855" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					The service configuration files for <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> support binding the service to an IP address and redirecting incoming requests for that service to another IP address, hostname, or port.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					Binding is controlled with the <code class="option">bind</code> option in the service-specific configuration files and links the service to one IP address on the system. When this is configured, the <code class="option">bind</code> option only allows requests to the correct IP address to access the service. You can use this method to bind different services to different network interfaces based on requirements.


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--- sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.3.4. Resource Management Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.5. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a
  class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options">2.5.4.3.4. Resource Management Options</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8929" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8937" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8943" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8948" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.3.4. Resource Management Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.5.5. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a
  class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Binding_and_Redirection_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options">2.5.4.3.4. Resource Management Options</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8937" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8945" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8951" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8956" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					The <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> daemon can add a basic level of protection from Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. The following is a list of directives which can aid in limiting the effectiveness of such attacks:
 				</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 							<code class="option">per_source</code> — Defines the maximum number of instances for a service per source IP address. It accepts only integers as an argument and can be used in both <code class="filename">xinetd.conf</code> and in the service-specific configuration files in the <code class="filename">xinetd.d/</code> directory.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conten
 t/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security">1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e1068" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conten
 t/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security">1.3.2. Threats to Network Security</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e1068" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Bad practices when configuring the following aspects of a network can increase the risk of attack.
 		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Network_Security-Insecure_Architectures">1.3.2.1. Insecure Architectures</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1078" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				A misconfigured network is a primary entry point for unauthorized users. Leaving a trust-based, open local network vulnerable to the highly-insecure Internet is much like leaving a door ajar in a crime-ridden neighborhood — nothing may happen for an arbitrary amount of time, but <span class="emphasis"><em>eventually</em></span> someone exploits the opportunity.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Com
 mon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e1109" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Com
 mon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security">1.3.3. Threats to Server Security</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e1109" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Server security is as important as network security because servers often hold a great deal of an organization's vital information. If a server is compromised, all of its contents may become available for the cracker to steal or manipulate at will. The following sections detail some of the main issues.
 		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unused_Services_and_Open_Ports">1.3.3.1. Unused Services and Open Ports</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1119" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				A full installation of Fedora contains 1000+ application and library packages. However, most server administrators do not opt to install every single package in the distribution, preferring instead to install a base installation of packages, including several server applications.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class
 ="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e1204" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class
 ="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security">1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e1204" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Workstations and home PCs may not be as prone to attack as networks or servers, but since they often contain sensitive data, such as credit card information, they are targeted by system crackers. Workstations can also be co-opted without the user's knowledge and used by attackers as "slave" machines in coordinated attacks. For these reasons, knowing the vulnerabilities of a workstation can save users the headache of reinstalling the operating system, or worse, recovering from data theft.
 		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Bad_Passwords">1.3.4.1. Bad Passwords</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1214" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Bad passwords are one of the easiest ways for an attacker to gain access to a system. For more on how to avoid common pitfalls when creating a password, refer to <a class="xref" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html#sect-Security_Guide-Workstation_Security-Password_Security" title="2.1.3. Password Security">Section 2.1.3, “Password Security”</a>.


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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="C
 ommon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e968" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html" title="1.3.2. Threats to Network Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="C
 ommon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Network_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities">1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e968" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		To plan and implement a good security strategy, first be aware of some of the issues which determined, motivated attackers exploit to compromise systems. But before detailing these issues, the terminology used when identifying an attacker must be defined.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-A_Quick_History_of_Hackers">1.3.1. A Quick History of Hackers</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e976" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e981" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The modern meaning of the term <em class="firstterm">hacker</em> has origins dating back to the 1960s and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Tech Model Railroad Club, which designed train sets of large scale and intricate detail. Hacker was a name used for club members who discovered a clever trick or workaround for a problem.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html" title="2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.8.3. Using IPTables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_
 right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service">2.8.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13161" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13169" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html" title="2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.8.3. Using IPTables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_
 right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service">2.8.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13169" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13177" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The firewall rules are only active if the <code class="command">iptables</code> service is running. To manually start the service, use the following command:
 			</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~] # service iptables restart
 </pre><div class="para">


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--- sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html" title="2.8.2.3. Trusted Services"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
 mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall">2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e12959" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html" title="2.8.2.3. Trusted Services"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
 mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall">2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e12967" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Select one of the following options for the firewall:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<span class="guilabel"><strong>Disabled</strong></span> — Disabling the firewall provides complete access to your system and does no security checking. This should only be selected if you are running on a trusted network (not the Internet) or need to configure a custom firewall using the iptables command line tool.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:01 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.4. Other Ports</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html" title="2.8.2.3. Trusted Services"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html" title="2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/i
 mage_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports">2.8.2.4. Other Ports</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13086" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
-				The <span class="application"><strong>Security Level Configuration Tool</strong></span> includes an <span class="guilabel"><strong>Other ports</strong></span> section for specifying custom IP ports as being trusted by <code class="command">iptables</code>. For example, to allow IRC and Internet printing protocol (IPP) to pass through the firewall, add the following to the <span class="guilabel"><strong>Other ports</strong></span> section:
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.4. Other Ports</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html" title="2.8.2.3. Trusted Services"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html" title="2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/i
 mage_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports">2.8.2.4. Other Ports</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13094" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				The <span class="application"><strong>Firewall Configuration Tool</strong></span> includes an <span class="guilabel"><strong>Other ports</strong></span> section for specifying custom IP ports as being trusted by <code class="command">iptables</code>. For example, to allow IRC and Internet printing protocol (IPP) to pass through the firewall, add the following to the <span class="guilabel"><strong>Other ports</strong></span> section:
 			</div><div class="para">
 				<code class="computeroutput">194:tcp,631:tcp</code>
 			</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.8.2.3. Trusted Services</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings</a></li></ul></body></html>
\ No newline at end of file


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html
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retrieving revision 1.4
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:01 -0000	1.5
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html" title="2.8.2.4. Other Ports"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html" title="2.8.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="C
 ommon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings">2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13114" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html" title="2.8.2.4. Other Ports"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html" title="2.8.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="C
 ommon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Saving_the_Settings">2.8.2.5. Saving the Settings</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13122" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Click <span class="guibutton"><strong>OK</strong></span> to save the changes and enable or disable the firewall. If <span class="guilabel"><strong>Enable firewall</strong></span> was selected, the options selected are translated to <code class="command">iptables</code> commands and written to the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code> file. The <code class="command">iptables</code> service is also started so that the firewall is activated immediately after saving the selected options. If <span class="guilabel"><strong>Disable firewall</strong></span> was selected, the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code> file is removed and the <code class="command">iptables</code> service is stopped immediately.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The selected options are also written to the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/system-config-securitylevel</code> file so that the settings can be restored the next time the application is started. Do not edit this file by hand.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:01 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.3. Trusted Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html" title="2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html" title="2.8.2.4. Other Ports"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img s
 rc="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services">2.8.2.3. Trusted Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e12999" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2.3. Trusted Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html" title="2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html" title="2.8.2.4. Other Ports"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img s
 rc="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Other_Ports.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Trusted_Services">2.8.2.3. Trusted Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13007" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Enabling options in the <span class="guilabel"><strong>Trusted services</strong></span> list allows the specified service to pass through the firewall.
 			</div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="guilabel"><strong>WWW (HTTP)</strong></span></span></dt><dd><div class="para">
 							The HTTP protocol is used by Apache (and by other Web servers) to serve web pages. If you plan on making your Web server publicly available, select this check box. This option is not required for viewing pages locally or for developing web pages. This service requires that the <code class="filename">httpd</code> package be installed.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:01 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.2. Command Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html" title="2.9.3.3. IPTables Parameter Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Comm
 on_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options">2.9.3.2. Command Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e14513" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.2. Command Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html" title="2.9.3.3. IPTables Parameter Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Comm
 on_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options">2.9.3.2. Command Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e14521" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Command options instruct <code class="command">iptables</code> to perform a specific action. Only one command option is allowed per <code class="command">iptables</code> command. With the exception of the help command, all commands are written in upper-case characters.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The <code class="command">iptables</code> commands are as follows:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html" title="2.9.3.3. IPTables Parameter Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html" title="2.9.3.4.2. UDP Protocol"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Cont
 ent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options">2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e14910" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html" title="2.9.3.3. IPTables Parameter Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html" title="2.9.3.4.2. UDP Protocol"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Cont
 ent/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options">2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e14918" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Different network protocols provide specialized matching options which can be configured to match a particular packet using that protocol. However, the protocol must first be specified in the <code class="command">iptables</code> command. For example, <code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code><protocol-name></code></em></code> enables options for the specified protocol. Note that you can also use the protocol ID, instead of the protocol name. Refer to the following examples, each of which have the same effect:
 			</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command"> iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT </code><code class="command"> iptables -A INPUT -p 5813 --icmp-type any -j ACCEPT </code>
 </pre><div class="para">
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command"> [root at myServer ~]# chown root.root /etc/services [root at myServer ~]# chmod 0644 /etc/services [root at myServer ~]# chattr +i /etc/services </code>
 </pre><div class="para">
 					This prevents the file from being renamed, deleted or having links made to it.
-				</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-TCP_Protocol">2.9.3.4.1. TCP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e14954" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-TCP_Protocol">2.9.3.4.1. TCP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e14962" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					These match options are available for the TCP protocol (<code class="option">-p tcp</code>):
 				</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 							<code class="option">--dport</code> — Sets the destination port for the packet.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.3. IPTables Parameter Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html" title="2.9.3.2. Command Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Commo
 n_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options">2.9.3.3. IPTables Parameter Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e14677" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.3. IPTables Parameter Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html" title="2.9.3.2. Command Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Commo
 n_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Parameter_Options">2.9.3.3. IPTables Parameter Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e14685" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Certain <code class="command">iptables</code> commands, including those used to add, append, delete, insert, or replace rules within a particular chain, require various parameters to construct a packet filtering rule.
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="option">-c</code> — Resets the counters for a particular rule. This parameter accepts the <code class="option">PKTS</code> and <code class="option">BYTES</code> options to specify which counter to reset.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.6. Listing Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.9.3.5. Target Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt
 ="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options">2.9.3.6. Listing Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e15540" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.6. Listing Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.9.3.5. Target Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt
 ="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options">2.9.3.6. Listing Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e15548" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The default list command, <code class="command">iptables -L [<chain-name>]</code>, provides a very basic overview of the default filter table's current chains. Additional options provide more information:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="option">-v</code> — Displays verbose output, such as the number of packets and bytes each chain has processed, the number of packets and bytes each rule has matched, and which interfaces apply to a particular rule.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.5. Target Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html" title="2.9.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html" title="2.9.3.6. Listing Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Com
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.5. Target Options</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html" title="2.9.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html" title="2.9.3.6. Listing Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Com
 mon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options">2.9.3.5. Target Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e15389" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				When a packet has matched a particular rule, the rule can direct the packet to a number of different targets which determine the appropriate action. Each chain has a default target, which is used if none of the rules on that chain match a packet or if none of the rules which match the packet specify a target.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The following are the standard targets:


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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.
 png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e1244" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1249" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html" title="1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html" title="1.5. Security Updates"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.
 png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks">1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e1244" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1249" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		<a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html#tabl-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks-Common_Exploits" title="Table 1.1. Common Exploits">Table 1.1, “Common Exploits”</a> details some of the most common exploits and entry points used by intruders to access organizational network resources. Key to these common exploits are the explanations of how they are performed and how administrators can properly safeguard their network against such attacks.
 	</div><div class="table" id="tabl-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks-Common_Exploits"><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Common Exploits" border="1"><colgroup><col width="2*"/><col width="4*"/><col width="4*"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th>
 						Exploit


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
 c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
 c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions">3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					Open a Terminal: <code class="code">Click ''Applications'' -> ''System Tools'' -> ''Terminal''</code>
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					Install 7-Zip with sudo access: <code class="code">sudo yum install p7zip</code>


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.8.4. Things of note</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_r
 ight.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note">3.8.4. Things of note</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.8.4. Things of note</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html" title="3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_r
 ight.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note">3.8.4. Things of note</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			7-Zip is not shipped by default with Microsoft Windows or Mac OS X. If you need to use your 7-Zip files on those platforms you will need to install the appropriate version of 7-Zip on those computers. See the 7-Zip <a href="http://www.7-zip.org/download.html">download page</a>.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			GNOME's File Roller application will recognize your .7z files and attempt to open them, but it will fail with the error "''An error occurred while loading the archive.''" when it attempts to do so. This is because File Roller does not currently support the extraction of encrypted 7-Zip files. A bug report ([http://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=490732 Gnome Bug 490732]) has been submitted.


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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html" title="3.8.4. Things of note"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraprojec
 t.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html" title="3.8.4. Things of note"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraprojec
 t.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Usage_Instructions">3.8.3. Step-by-Step Usage Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			By following these instructions you are going to compress and encrypt your "Documents" directory. Your original "Documents" directory will remain unaltered. This technique can be applied to any directory or file you have access to on the filesystem.
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					Open a Terminal:<code class="code">Click ''Applications'' -> ''System Tools'' -> ''Terminal''</code>


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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right
 .png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html" title="3.8.2. Step-by-Step Installation Instructions"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right
 .png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation-Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives">3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 		<a href="http://www.7-zip.org/">7-Zip</a> is a cross-platform, next generation, file compression tool that can also use strong encryption (AES-256) to protect the contents of the archive. This is extremely useful when you need to move data between multiple computers that use varying operating systems (i.e. Linux at home, Windows at work) and you want a portable encryption solution.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Installation">3.8.1. 7-Zip Installation in Fedora</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			7-Zip is not a base package in Fedora, but it is available in the software repository. Once installed, the package will update alongside the rest of the software on the computer with no special attention necessary.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.2. Full Disk Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html" title="3.3. File Based Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li 
 class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.2. Full Disk Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html" title="3.3. File Based Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li 
 class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-File_Based_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Protecting_Data_at_Rest-Full_Disk_Encryption">3.2. Full Disk Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Full disk or partition encryption is one of the best ways of protecting your data. Not only is each file protected but also the temporary storage that may contain parts of these files is also protected. Full disk encryption will protect all of your files so you don't have to worry about selecting what you want to protect and possibly missing a file.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Fedora 9 natively supports LUKS Encryption. LUKS will bulk encrypt your hard drive partitions so that while your computer is off your data is protected. This will also protect your computer from attackers attempting to use single-user-mode to login to your computer or otherwise gain access. LUKS can be manually setup on Fedora 8.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject
 .org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html" title="Chapter 4. General Principles of Information Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject
 .org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-General_Principles_of_Information_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption">3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li><div class="para">
 					<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography">Wikipedia - Public Key Cryptography</a>
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					<a href="http://computer.howstuffworks.com/encryption.htm">HowStuffWorks - Encryption</a>


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
 Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html" title="3.9.4. About Public Key Encryption"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="
 Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-About_Public_Key_Encryption.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE">3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Use the following shell command: <code class="code">gpg --gen-key</code>
 		</div><div class="para">
 			This command generates a key pair that consists of a public and a private key. Other people use your public key to authenticate and/or decrypt your communications. Distribute your public key as widely as possible, especially to people who you know will want to receive authentic communications from you, such as a mailing list. The Fedora Documentation Project, for example, asks participants to include a GPG public key in their self-introduction.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image
 _right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html" title="3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html" title="3.9.3. Creating GPG Keys Using the Command Line"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image
 _right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1">3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Start the KGpg program from the main menu by selecting Applications > Utilities > Encryption Tool. If you have never used KGpg before, the program walks you through the process of creating your own GPG keypair. A dialog box appears prompting you to create a new key pair. Enter your name, email address, and an optional comment. You can also choose an expiration time for your key, as well as the key strength (number of bits) and algorithms. The next dialog box prompts you for your passphrase. At this point, your key appears in the main <code class="code">KGpg</code> window.
 		</div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
 				If you forget your passphrase, the key cannot be used and any data encrypted using that key will be lost.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html" title="3.8.4. Things of note"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html" title="3.8.4. Things of note"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html" title="3.9.2. Creating GPG Keys in KDE"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives-Things_of_note.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Creating_GPG_Keys_in_KDE1.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG">3.9. Using GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 		GPG is used to identify yourself and authenticate your communications, including those with people you don't know. GPG allows anyone reading a GPG-signed email to verify its authenticity. In other words, GPG allows someone to be reasonably certain that communications signed by you actually are from you. GPG is useful because it helps prevent third parties from altering code or intercepting conversations and altering the message.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-Using_GPG-Keys_in_GNOME">3.9.1. Creating GPG Keys in GNOME</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Install the Seahorse utility, which makes GPG key management easier. From the main menu, select <code class="code">System > Administration > Add/Remove Software</code> and wait for PackageKit to start. Enter <code class="code">Seahorse</code> into the text box and select the Find. Select the checkbox next to the ''seahorse'' package and select ''Apply'' to add the software. You can also install <code class="code">Seahorse</code> at the command line with the command <code class="code">su -c "yum install seahorse"</code>.


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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html" title="1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/imag
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 				Depending upon your target and resources, there are many tools available. There are tools for wireless networks, Novell networks, Windows systems, Linux systems, and more. Another essential part of performing assessments may include reviewing physical security, personnel screening, or voice/PBX network assessment. New concepts, such as <em class="firstterm">war walking</em> scanning the perimeter of your enterprise's physical structures for wireless network vulnerabilities are some emerging concepts that you can investigate and, if needed, incorporate into your assessments. Imagination and exposure are the only limits of planning and conducting vulnerability assessments.
 			</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html"><strong>Prev</strong>1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities.html"><strong>Next</strong>1.3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities</a></li></ul></body></html>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3.2. Nessus</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"
 /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus">1.2.3.2. Nessus</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e882" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e887" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3.2. Nessus</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"
 /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus">1.2.3.2. Nessus</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e882" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e887" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Nessus is a full-service security scanner. The plug-in architecture of Nessus allows users to customize it for their systems and networks. As with any scanner, Nessus is only as good as the signature database it relies upon. Fortunately, Nessus is frequently updated and features full reporting, host scanning, and real-time vulnerability searches. Remember that there could be false positives and false negatives, even in a tool as powerful and as frequently updated as Nessus.
 			</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 					Nessus is not included with Fedora and is not supported. It has been included in this document as a reference to users who may be interested in using this popular application.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3.3. Nikto</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p
 ><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto">1.2.3.3. Nikto</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e907" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e912" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3.3. Nikto</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html" title="1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p
 ><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto">1.2.3.3. Nikto</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e907" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e912" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Nikto is an excellent common gateway interface (CGI) script scanner. Nikto not only checks for CGI vulnerabilities but does so in an evasive manner, so as to elude intrusion detection systems. It comes with thorough documentation which should be carefully reviewed prior to running the program. If you have Web servers serving up CGI scripts, Nikto can be an excellent resource for checking the security of these servers.
 			</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 					Nikto is not included with Fedora and is not supported. It has been included in this document as a reference to users who may be interested in using this popular application.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.p
 ng" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner">1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e932" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e937" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html" title="1.2.3.3. Nikto"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html" title="1.2.3.5. Anticipating Your Future Needs"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.p
 ng" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nikto.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Anticipating_Your_Future_Needs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-VLAD_the_Scanner">1.2.3.4. VLAD the Scanner</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e932" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e937" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				VLAD is a vulnerabilities scanner developed by the <acronym class="acronym">RAZOR</acronym> team at Bindview, Inc., which checks for the SANS Top Ten list of common security issues (SNMP issues, file sharing issues, etc.). While not as full-featured as Nessus, VLAD is worth investigating.
 			</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 					VLAD is not included with Fedora and is not supported. It has been included in this document as a reference to users who may be interested in using this popular application.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.5.3. DMZs and IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html" title="2.8.5.2. Prerouting"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html" title="2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/i
 mage_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables">2.8.5.3. DMZs and IPTables</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13650" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13656" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13661" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13664" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13672" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.5.3. DMZs and IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html" title="2.8.5.2. Prerouting"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html" title="2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/i
 mage_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables">2.8.5.3. DMZs and IPTables</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13658" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13664" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13669" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13672" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13680" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				You can create <code class="command">iptables</code> rules to route traffic to certain machines, such as a dedicated HTTP or FTP server, in a <em class="firstterm">demilitarized zone</em> (<acronym class="acronym">DMZ</acronym>). A <acronym class="acronym">DMZ</acronym> is a special local subnetwork dedicated to providing services on a public carrier, such as the Internet.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				For example, to set a rule for routing incoming HTTP requests to a dedicated HTTP server at 10.0.4.2 (outside of the 192.168.1.0/24 range of the LAN), NAT uses the <code class="computeroutput">PREROUTING</code> table to forward the packets to the appropriate destination:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.5.2. Prerouting</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html" title="2.8.5.3. DMZs and IPTables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Si
 te"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting">2.8.5.2. Prerouting</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13616" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.5.2. Prerouting</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html" title="2.8.5.3. DMZs and IPTables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Si
 te"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting">2.8.5.2. Prerouting</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13624" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				If you have a server on your internal network that you want make available externally, you can use the <code class="option">-j DNAT</code> target of the PREROUTING chain in NAT to specify a destination IP address and port where incoming packets requesting a connection to your internal service can be forwarded.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				For example, if you want to forward incoming HTTP requests to your dedicated Apache HTTP Server at 172.31.0.23, use the following command:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.9. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html" title="2.8.8. IPv6"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html" title="2.8.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previo
 us"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources">2.8.9. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13889" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13894" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13899" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.9. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html" title="2.8.8. IPv6"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html" title="2.8.9.2. Useful Firewall Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previo
 us"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Firewall_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources">2.8.9. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13897" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13902" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13907" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			There are several aspects to firewalls and the Linux Netfilter subsystem that could not be covered in this chapter. For more information, refer to the following resources.
 		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_Firewall_Documentation">2.8.9.1. Installed Firewall Documentation</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables">Section 2.9, “IPTables”</a> for more detailed information on the <code class="command">iptables</code> command, including definitions for many command options.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html" title="2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p>
 <ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration">2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e12892" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html" title="2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p>
 <ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration">2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e12900" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Just as a firewall in a building attempts to prevent a fire from spreading, a computer firewall attempts to prevent malicious software from spreading to your computer. It also helps to prevent unauthorized users from accessing your computer.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			In a default Fedora installation, a firewall exists between your computer or network and any untrusted networks, for example the Internet. It determines which services on your computer remote users can access. A properly configured firewall can greatly increase the security of your system. It is recommended that you configure a firewall for any Fedora system with an Internet connection.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-RHSECLEVELTOOL">2.8.2.1. <span class="application"><strong>Security Level Configuration Tool</strong></span></h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e12906" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12912" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-RHSECLEVELTOOL">2.8.2.1. <span class="application"><strong>Firewall Configuration Tool</strong></span></h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e12914" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12920" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				During the <span class="guilabel"><strong>Firewall Configuration</strong></span> screen of the Fedora installation, you were given the option to enable a basic firewall as well as to allow specific devices, incoming services, and ports.
 			</div><div class="para">
-				After installation, you can change this preference by using the <span class="application"><strong>Security Level Configuration Tool</strong></span>.
+				After installation, you can change this preference by using the <span class="application"><strong>Firewall Configuration Tool</strong></span>.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				To start this application, use the following command:
 			</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~] # system-config-securitylevel
-</pre><div class="figure" id="figu-Security_Guide-RHSECLEVELTOOL-RHSECLEVELTOOL"><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/rh-securitylevel.png" alt="Security Level Configuration Tool"/><div class="longdesc"><div class="para">
+</pre><div class="figure" id="figu-Security_Guide-RHSECLEVELTOOL-RHSECLEVELTOOL"><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/rh-securitylevel.png" alt="Firewall Configuration Tool"/><div class="longdesc"><div class="para">
 							Security Level Configuration
-						</div></div></div></div><h6>Figure 2.15. <span class="application">Security Level Configuration Tool</span></h6></div><br class="figure-break"/><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
-					The <span class="application"><strong>Security Level Configuration Tool</strong></span> only configures a basic firewall. If the system needs more complex rules, refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables">Section 2.9, “IPTables”</a> for details on configuring specific <code class="command">iptables</code> rules.
+						</div></div></div></div><h6>Figure 2.15. <span class="application">Firewall Configuration Tool</span></h6></div><br class="figure-break"/><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
+					The <span class="application"><strong>Firewall Configuration Tool</strong></span> only configures a basic firewall. If the system needs more complex rules, refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables">Section 2.9, “IPTables”</a> for details on configuring specific <code class="command">iptables</code> rules.
 				</div></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.8. Firewalls</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Enabling_and_Disabling_the_Firewall.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.8.2.2. Enabling and Disabling the Firewall</a></li></ul></body></html>
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Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.8.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentat
 ion Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering">2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13389" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13397" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13405" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.8.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html" title="2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentat
 ion Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering">2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13397" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13405" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13413" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Preventing remote attackers from accessing a LAN is one of the most important aspects of network security. The integrity of a LAN should be protected from malicious remote users through the use of stringent firewall rules.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			However, with a default policy set to block all incoming, outgoing, and forwarded packets, it is impossible for the firewall/gateway and internal LAN users to communicate with each other or with external resources.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html" title="2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html" title="2.8.5.2. Prerouting"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><
 li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules">2.8.5. <code class="computeroutput">FORWARD</code> and <acronym class="acronym">NAT</acronym> Rules</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13481" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13486" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13489" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13496" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13504" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.5. FORWARD and NAT Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html" title="2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html" title="2.8.5.2. Prerouting"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><
 li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Prerouting.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules">2.8.5. <code class="computeroutput">FORWARD</code> and <acronym class="acronym">NAT</acronym> Rules</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13489" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13494" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13497" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13504" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13512" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Most ISPs provide only a limited number of publicly routable IP addresses to the organizations they serve.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Administrators must, therefore, find alternative ways to share access to Internet services without giving public IP addresses to every node on the LAN. Using private IP addresses is the most common way of allowing all nodes on a LAN to properly access internal and external network services.
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 </pre><div class="para">
 				Use the following command to enable the change to the <code class="filename">sysctl.conf</code> file:
 			</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~ ] # sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
-</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Postrouting_and_IP_Masquerading">2.8.5.1. Postrouting and IP Masquerading</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13570" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13578" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-Postrouting_and_IP_Masquerading">2.8.5.1. Postrouting and IP Masquerading</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13578" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13586" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Accepting forwarded packets via the firewall's internal IP device allows LAN nodes to communicate with each other; however they still cannot communicate externally to the Internet.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				To allow LAN nodes with private IP addresses to communicate with external public networks, configure the firewall for <em class="firstterm">IP masquerading</em>, which masks requests from LAN nodes with the IP address of the firewall's external device (in this case, eth0):


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html
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   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html" title="2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html" title="2.8.8. IPv6"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p
 ><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking">2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13773" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13778" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13783" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13789" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html" title="2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html" title="2.8.8. IPv6"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p
 ><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking">2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13781" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13786" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13791" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13797" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			You can inspect and restrict connections to services based on their <em class="firstterm">connection state.</em> A module within <code class="command">iptables</code> uses a method called <em class="firstterm">connection tracking</em> to store information about incoming connections. You can allow or deny access based on the following connection states:
-		</div><a id="d0e13806" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13814" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+		</div><a id="d0e13814" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13822" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="option">NEW</code> — A packet requesting a new connection, such as an HTTP request.
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="option">ESTABLISHED</code> — A packet that is part of an existing connection.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.8. IPv6</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html" title="2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.8.9. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav
 "><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6">2.8.8. IPv6</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13857" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13861" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.8. IPv6</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html" title="2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.8.9. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav
 "><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPv6">2.8.8. IPv6</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13865" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13869" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The introduction of the next-generation Internet Protocol, called IPv6, expands beyond the 32-bit address limit of IPv4 (or IP). IPv6 supports 128-bit addresses, and carrier networks that are IPv6 aware are therefore able to address a larger number of routable addresses than IPv4.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Fedora supports IPv6 firewall rules using the Netfilter 6 subsystem and the <code class="command">ip6tables</code> command. In Fedora 5, both IPv4 and IPv6 services are enabled by default.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html" title="2.8.5.3. DMZs and IPTables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html" title="2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt=
 "Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses">2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13708" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13713" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html" title="2.8.5.3. DMZs and IPTables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html" title="2.8.7. IPTables and Connection Tracking"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt=
 "Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-FORWARD_and_NAT_Rules-DMZs_and_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-IPTables_and_Connection_Tracking.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Malicious_Software_and_Spoofed_IP_Addresses">2.8.6. Malicious Software and Spoofed IP Addresses</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13716" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13721" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			More elaborate rules can be created that control access to specific subnets, or even specific nodes, within a LAN. You can also restrict certain dubious applications or programs such as trojans, worms, and other client/server viruses from contacting their server.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			For example, some trojans scan networks for services on ports from 31337 to 31340 (called the <span class="emphasis"><em>elite</em></span> ports in cracking terminology).


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.3. Using IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html" title="2.8.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html" title="2.8.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docu
 mentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables">2.8.3. Using IPTables</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13212" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.3. Using IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html" title="2.8.2.6. Activating the IPTables Service"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html" title="2.8.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docu
 mentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Basic_Firewall_Configuration-Activating_the_IPTables_Service.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables">2.8.3. Using IPTables</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e13220" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The first step in using <code class="command">iptables</code> is to start the <code class="command">iptables</code> service. Use the following command to start the <code class="command">iptables</code> service:
 		</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~] # service iptables start
 </pre><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-IPTables_Command_Syntax">2.8.3.1. IPTables Command Syntax</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
 				The following sample <code class="command">iptables</code> command illustrates the basic command syntax:
 			</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~ ] # iptables -A <em class="replaceable"><code><chain></code></em> -j <em class="replaceable"><code><target></code></em>
-</pre><a id="d0e13273" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+</pre><a id="d0e13281" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The <code class="option">-A</code> option specifies that the rule be appended to <em class="firstterm"><chain></em>. Each chain is comprised of one or more <em class="firstterm">rules</em>, and is therefore also known as a <em class="firstterm">ruleset</em>.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The three built-in chains are INPUT, OUTPUT, and FORWARD. These chains are permanent and cannot be deleted. The chain specifies the point at which a packet is manipulated.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8. Firewalls</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
 mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls">2.8. Firewalls</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e12698" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8. Firewalls</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
 mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls">2.8. Firewalls</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e12706" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		Information security is commonly thought of as a process and not a product. However, standard security implementations usually employ some form of dedicated mechanism to control access privileges and restrict network resources to users who are authorized, identifiable, and traceable. Fedora includes several tools to assist administrators and security engineers with network-level access control issues.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		Firewalls are one of the core components of a network security implementation. Several vendors market firewall solutions catering to all levels of the marketplace: from home users protecting one PC to data center solutions safeguarding vital enterprise information. Firewalls can be stand-alone hardware solutions, such as firewall appliances by Cisco, Nokia, and Sonicwall. Vendors such as Checkpoint, McAfee, and Symantec have also developed proprietary software firewall solutions for home and business markets.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		Apart from the differences between hardware and software firewalls, there are also differences in the way firewalls function that separate one solution from another. <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html#tabl-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Firewall_Types" title="Table 2.2. Firewall Types">Table 2.2, “Firewall Types”</a> details three common types of firewalls and how they function:
-	</div><a id="d0e12709" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12714" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12717" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12722" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12727" class="indexterm"/><div class="table" id="tabl-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Firewall_Types"><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Firewall Types" border="1"><colgroup><col width="1*"/><col width="3*"/><col width="3*"/><col width="3*"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th>
+	</div><a id="d0e12717" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12722" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12725" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12730" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12735" class="indexterm"/><div class="table" id="tabl-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Firewall_Types"><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Firewall Types" border="1"><colgroup><col width="1*"/><col width="3*"/><col width="3*"/><col width="3*"/></colgroup><thead><tr><th>
 						Method
 					</th><th>
 						Description
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 						<table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> · Gives administrators control over what applications and protocols function outside of the LAN </td></tr><tr><td> · Some proxy servers can cache frequently-accessed data locally rather than having to use the Internet connection to request it. This helps to reduce bandwidth consumption </td></tr><tr><td> · Proxy services can be logged and monitored closely, allowing tighter control over resource utilization on the network </td></tr></table>
 					</td><td>
 						<table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td> · Proxies are often application-specific (HTTP, Telnet, etc.), or protocol-restricted (most proxies work with TCP-connected services only) </td></tr><tr><td> · Application services cannot run behind a proxy, so your application servers must use a separate form of network security </td></tr><tr><td> · Proxies can become a network bottleneck, as all requests and transmissions are passed through one source rather than directly from a client to a remote service </td></tr></table>
-					</td></tr></tbody></table></div><h6>Table 2.2. Firewall Types</h6></div><br class="table-break"/><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Netfilter_and_IPTables">2.8.1. Netfilter and IPTables</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e12834" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12838" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12841" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</td></tr></tbody></table></div><h6>Table 2.2. Firewall Types</h6></div><br class="table-break"/><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Netfilter_and_IPTables">2.8.1. Netfilter and IPTables</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e12842" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12846" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12849" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The Linux kernel features a powerful networking subsystem called <em class="firstterm">Netfilter</em>. The Netfilter subsystem provides stateful or stateless packet filtering as well as NAT and IP masquerading services. Netfilter also has the ability to <em class="firstterm">mangle</em> IP header information for advanced routing and connection state management. Netfilter is controlled using the <code class="command">iptables</code> tool.
 		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Netfilter_and_IPTables-IPTables_Overview">2.8.1.1. IPTables Overview</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
 				The power and flexibility of Netfilter is implemented using the <code class="command">iptables</code> administration tool, a command line tool similar in syntax to its predecessor, <code class="command">ipchains</code>.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.7. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html" title="2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="
 docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources">2.9.7. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e16258" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.7. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html" title="2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="
 docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources">2.9.7. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e16266" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Refer to the following sources for additional information on packet filtering with <code class="command">iptables</code>.
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls">Section 2.8, “Firewalls”</a> — Contains a chapter about the role of firewalls within an overall security strategy as well as strategies for constructing firewall rules.
-				</div></li></ul></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_IP_Tables_Documentation">2.9.7.1. Installed IP Tables Documentation</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e16278" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+				</div></li></ul></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_IP_Tables_Documentation">2.9.7.1. Installed IP Tables Documentation</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e16286" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="command">man iptables</code> — Contains a description of <code class="command">iptables</code> as well as a comprehensive list of targets, options, and match extensions.
 					</div></li></ul></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_IP_Tables_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.9.7.2. Useful IP Tables Websites</a></li></ul></body></html>
\ No newline at end of file


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html" title="2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html" title="2.9.3.2. Command Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" a
 lt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables">2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e14376" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html" title="2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html" title="2.9.3.2. Command Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" a
 lt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Command_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables">2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e14384" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Rules for filtering packets are created using the <code class="command">iptables</code> command. The following aspects of the packet are most often used as criteria:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<span class="emphasis"><em>Packet Type</em></span> — Specifies the type of packets the command filters.
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 			Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options">Section 2.9.3.4, “IPTables Match Options”</a> and <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.9.3.5. Target Options">Section 2.9.3.5, “Target Options”</a> for more information about specific options that address these aspects of a packet.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			The options used with specific <code class="command">iptables</code> rules must be grouped logically, based on the purpose and conditions of the overall rule, for the rule to be valid. The remainder of this section explains commonly-used options for the <code class="command">iptables</code> command.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Structure_of_IPTables_Command_Options">2.9.3.1. Structure of IPTables Command Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e14423" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Structure_of_IPTables_Command_Options">2.9.3.1. Structure of IPTables Command Options</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e14431" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Many <code class="command">iptables</code> commands have the following structure:
 			</div><pre class="screen"><code class="computeroutput"> iptables [-t <em class="replaceable"><code><table-name></code></em>] <em class="replaceable"><code><command></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code><chain-name></code></em> \ <em class="replaceable"><code><parameter-1></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code><option-1></code></em> \ <em class="replaceable"><code><parameter-n></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code><option-n></code></em></code>
 </pre><div class="para">


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li clas
 s="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains">2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e14277" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html" title="2.9.3. Command Options for IPTables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li clas
 s="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Command_Options_for_IPTables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains">2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e14285" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Both <code class="command">ipchains</code> and <code class="command">iptables</code> use chains of rules that operate within the Linux kernel to filter packets based on matches with specified rules or rule sets. However, <code class="command">iptables</code> offers a more extensible way of filtering packets, giving the administrator greater control without building undue complexity into the system.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			You should be aware of the following significant differences between <code class="command">ipchains</code> and <code class="command">iptables</code>:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class=
 "previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts">2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e15770" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15778" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15786" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15794" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15802" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15810" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15818" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15826" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15834" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15842" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15850" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15858" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class=
 "previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts">2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e15778" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15786" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15794" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15802" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15810" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15818" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15826" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15834" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15842" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15850" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15858" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15866" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			There are two basic methods for controlling <code class="command">iptables</code> in Fedora:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
-					<span class="application"><strong>Security Level Configuration Tool</strong></span> (<code class="command">system-config-securitylevel</code>) — A graphical interface for creating, activating, and saving basic firewall rules. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration">Section 2.8.2, “Basic Firewall Configuration”</a> for more information.
+					<span class="application"><strong>Firewall Configuration Tool</strong></span> (<code class="command">system-config-securitylevel</code>) — A graphical interface for creating, activating, and saving basic firewall rules. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Basic_Firewall_Configuration.html" title="2.8.2. Basic Firewall Configuration">Section 2.8.2, “Basic Firewall Configuration”</a> for more information.
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="command">/sbin/service iptables <em class="replaceable"><code><option></code></em></code> — Used to manipulate various functions of <code class="command">iptables</code> using its initscript. The following options are available:
 				</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 							<code class="command">save</code> — Saves firewall rules to <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/iptables</code> using <code class="command">iptables-save</code>. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules">Section 2.9.4, “Saving IPTables Rules”</a> for more information.
 						</div></li></ul></div></li></ul></div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 				To use the same initscript commands to control netfilter for IPv6, substitute <code class="command">ip6tables</code> for <code class="command">iptables</code> in the <code class="command">/sbin/service</code> commands listed in this section. For more information about IPv6 and netfilter, refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html" title="2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6">Section 2.9.6, “IPTables and IPv6”</a>.
-			</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Control_Scripts-IPTables_Control_Scripts_Configuration_File">2.9.5.1. IPTables Control Scripts Configuration File</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e16054" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Control_Scripts-IPTables_Control_Scripts_Configuration_File">2.9.5.1. IPTables Control Scripts Configuration File</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e16062" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The behavior of the <code class="command">iptables</code> initscripts is controlled by the <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/iptables-config</code> configuration file. The following is a list of directives contained in this file:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="command">IPTABLES_MODULES</code> — Specifies a space-separated list of additional <code class="command">iptables</code> modules to load when a firewall is activated. These can include connection tracking and NAT helpers.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html" title="2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.7. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li c
 lass="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6">2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e16194" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html" title="2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.9.7. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li c
 lass="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_and_IPv6">2.9.6. IPTables and IPv6</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e16202" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			If the <code class="filename">iptables-ipv6</code> package is installed, netfilter in Fedora can filter the next-generation IPv6 Internet protocol. The command used to manipulate the IPv6 netfilter is <code class="command">ip6tables</code>.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Most directives for this command are identical to those used for <code class="command">iptables</code>, except the <code class="command">nat</code> table is not yet supported. This means that it is not yet possible to perform IPv6 network address translation tasks, such as masquerading and port forwarding.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html" title="2.9.3.6. Listing Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html" title="2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul clas
 s="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules">2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e15605" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15611" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15619" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15626" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15633" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15641" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15650" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html" title="2.9.3.6. Listing Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html" title="2.9.5. IPTables Control Scripts"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul clas
 s="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Listing_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-IPTables_Control_Scripts.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Saving_IPTables_Rules">2.9.4. Saving IPTables Rules</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e15613" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15619" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15627" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15634" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15641" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15649" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e15658" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Rules created with the <code class="command">iptables</code> command are stored in memory. If the system is restarted before saving the <code class="command">iptables</code> rule set, all rules are lost. For netfilter rules to persist through a system reboot, they need to be saved. To save netfilter rules, type the following command as root:
 		</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command"> /sbin/service iptables save </code>
 </pre><div class="para">


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9. IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html" title="2.8.9.3. Related Documentation"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html" title="2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/ima
 ge_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables">2.9. IPTables</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e13978" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13984" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13990" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9. IPTables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html" title="2.8.9.3. Related Documentation"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html" title="2.9.2. Differences Between IPTables and IPChains"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/ima
 ge_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Documentation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Differences_Between_IPTables_and_IPChains.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables">2.9. IPTables</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e13986" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13992" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13998" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		Included with Fedora are advanced tools for network <em class="firstterm">packet filtering</em> — the process of controlling network packets as they enter, move through, and exit the network stack within the kernel. Kernel versions prior to 2.4 relied on <code class="command">ipchains</code> for packet filtering and used lists of rules applied to packets at each step of the filtering process. The 2.4 kernel introduced <code class="command">iptables</code> (also called <em class="firstterm">netfilter</em>), which is similar to <code class="command">ipchains</code> but greatly expands the scope and control available for filtering network packets.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		This chapter focuses on packet filtering basics, defines the differences between <code class="command">ipchains</code> and <code class="command">iptables</code>, explains various options available with <code class="command">iptables</code> commands, and explains how filtering rules can be preserved between system reboots.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 			The default firewall mechanism in the 2.4 and later kernels is <code class="command">iptables</code>, but <code class="command">iptables</code> cannot be used if <code class="command">ipchains</code> is already running. If <code class="command">ipchains</code> is present at boot time, the kernel issues an error and fails to start <code class="command">iptables</code>.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			The functionality of <code class="command">ipchains</code> is not affected by these errors.
-		</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Packet_Filtering">2.9.1. Packet Filtering</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e14060" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e14066" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e14072" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e14078" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e14084" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables-Packet_Filtering">2.9.1. Packet Filtering</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e14068" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e14074" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e14080" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e14086" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e14092" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The Linux kernel uses the <span class="application"><strong>Netfilter</strong></span> facility to filter packets, allowing some of them to be received by or pass through the system while stopping others. This facility is built in to the Linux kernel, and has three built-in <em class="firstterm">tables</em> or <em class="firstterm">rules lists</em>, as follows:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="option">filter</code> — The default table for handling network packets.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html" title="2.9.3.4.3. ICMP Protocol"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.9.3.5. Target Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conte
 nt/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules">2.9.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e15213" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html" title="2.9.3.4.3. ICMP Protocol"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html" title="2.9.3.5. Target Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conte
 nt/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-Target_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules">2.9.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e15221" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Additional match options are available through modules loaded by the <code class="command">iptables</code> command.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					To use a match option module, load the module by name using the <code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code><module-name></code></em></code>, where <em class="replaceable"><code><module-name></code></em> is the name of the module.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.4.3. ICMP Protocol</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html" title="2.9.3.4.2. UDP Protocol"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html" title="2.9.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.4.3. ICMP Protocol</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html" title="2.9.3.4.2. UDP Protocol"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html" title="2.9.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
 mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-Additional_Match_Option_Modules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol">2.9.3.4.3. ICMP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e15195" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					The following match options are available for the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) (<code class="option">-p icmp</code>):
 				</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 							<code class="option">--icmp-type</code> — Sets the name or number of the ICMP type to match with the rule. A list of valid ICMP names can be retrieved by typing the <code class="command">iptables -p icmp -h</code> command.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.4.2. UDP Protocol</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html" title="2.9.3.4.3. ICMP Protocol"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/
 images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol">2.9.3.4.2. UDP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e15135" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.9.3.4.2. UDP Protocol</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html" title="2.9.3.4. IPTables Match Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html" title="2.9.3.4.3. ICMP Protocol"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/
 images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Command_Options_for_IPTables-IPTables_Match_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-ICMP_Protocol.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables_Match_Options-UDP_Protocol">2.9.3.4.2. UDP Protocol</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e15143" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					These match options are available for the UDP protocol (<code class="option">-p udp</code>):
 				</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 							<code class="option">--dport</code> — Specifies the destination port of the UDP packet, using the service name, port number, or range of port numbers. The <code class="option">--destination-port</code> match option is synonymous with <code class="option">--dport</code>.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/ima
 ge_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration">2.7.6.2. Manual <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Host-to-Host Configuration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/ima
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 				The first step in creating a connection is to gather system and network information from each workstation. For a host-to-host connection, you need the following:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						The IP address of each host


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"
 ><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration">2.7.7.2. Manual <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Network-to-Network Configuration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"
 ><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration">2.7.7.2. Manual <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Network-to-Network Configuration</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
 				Suppose <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> A (lana.example.com) and <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> B (lanb.example.com) want to connect to each other through an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> tunnel. The network address for <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> A is in the 192.168.1.0/24 range, while <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> B uses the 192.168.2.0/24 range. The gateway IP address is 192.168.1.254 for <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> A and 192.168.2.254 for <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> B. The <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> routers are separate from each <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> gateway and use two network devices: eth0 is assigned to an externally-accessible static IP address which accesses the Internet, while eth1 acts as a routing point to process and transmit <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> packets from one network node to the remote network nodes.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection between each network uses a pre-shared key with the value of <code class="computeroutput">r3dh4tl1nux</code>, and the administrators of A and B agree to let <code class="command">racoon</code> automatically generate and share an authentication key between each <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> router. The administrator of <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> A decides to name the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection <code class="computeroutput">ipsec0</code>, while the administrator of <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> B names the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection <code class="computeroutput">ipsec1</code>.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.10. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html" title="2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html" title="2.6.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="
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+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.10. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html" title="2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html" title="2.6.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="
 Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources">2.6.10. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e10755" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			For more information about Kerberos, refer to the following resources.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_Kerberos_Documentation">2.6.10.1. Installed Kerberos Documentation</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e10757" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_Kerberos_Documentation">2.6.10.1. Installed Kerberos Documentation</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e10765" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						The <em class="citetitle">Kerberos V5 Installation Guide</em> and the <em class="citetitle">Kerberos V5 System Administrator's Guide</em> in PostScript and HTML formats. These can be found in the <code class="filename">/usr/share/doc/krb5-server-<em class="replaceable"><code><version-number></code></em>/</code> directory (where <em class="replaceable"><code><version-number></code></em> is the version number of the <code class="command">krb5-server</code> package installed on your system).
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						The <em class="citetitle">Kerberos V5 UNIX User's Guide</em> in PostScript and HTML formats. These can be found in the <code class="filename">/usr/share/doc/krb5-workstation-<em class="replaceable"><code><version-number></code></em>/</code> directory (where <em class="replaceable"><code><version-number></code></em> is the version number of the <code class="command">krb5-workstation</code> package installed on your system).


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html" title="2.6.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"
 /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client">2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9813" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html" title="2.6.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"
 /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client">2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9821" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Setting up a Kerberos 5 client is less involved than setting up a server. At a minimum, install the client packages and provide each client with a valid <code class="filename">krb5.conf</code> configuration file. While <code class="command">ssh</code> and <code class="command">slogin</code> are the preferred method of remotely logging in to client systems, Kerberized versions of <code class="command">rsh</code> and <code class="command">rlogin</code> are still available, though deploying them requires that a few more configuration changes be made.
 		</div><div class="procedure"><ol class="1"><li><div class="para">
 					Be sure that time synchronization is in place between the Kerberos client and the KDC. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server">Section 2.6.5, “Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server”</a> for more information. In addition, verify that DNS is working properly on the Kerberos client before configuring the Kerberos client programs.


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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html" title="2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html" title="2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul 
 class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server">2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9603" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html" title="2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html" title="2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul 
 class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server">2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9611" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			When setting up Kerberos, install the KDC first. If it is necessary to set up slave servers, install the master first.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			To configure the first Kerberos KDC, follow these steps:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html" title="2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html" title="2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></
 a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping">2.6.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html" title="2.6.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html" title="2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></
 a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Client.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping">2.6.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			When a client attempts to access a service running on a particular server, it knows the name of the service (<span class="emphasis"><em>host</em></span>) and the name of the server (<span class="emphasis"><em>foo.example.com</em></span>), but because more than one realm may be deployed on your network, it must guess at the name of the realm in which the service resides.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			By default, the name of the realm is taken to be the DNS domain name of the server, upper-cased.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.3. How Kerberos Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html" title="2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html" title="2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"
 ><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works">2.6.3. How Kerberos Works</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9464" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9469" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9474" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9479" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9484" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.3. How Kerberos Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html" title="2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html" title="2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"
 ><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works">2.6.3. How Kerberos Works</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9472" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9477" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9482" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9487" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9492" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Kerberos differs from username/password authentication methods. Instead of authenticating each user to each network service, Kerberos uses symmetric encryption and a trusted third party (a KDC), to authenticate users to a suite of network services. When a user authenticates to the KDC, the KDC sends a ticket specific to that session back to the user's machine, and any Kerberos-aware services look for the ticket on the user's machine rather than requiring the user to authenticate using a password.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			When a user on a Kerberos-aware network logs in to their workstation, their principal is sent to the KDC as part of a request for a TGT from the Authentication Server. This request can be sent by the log-in program so that it is transparent to the user, or can be sent by the <code class="command">kinit</code> program after the user logs in.


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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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 Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology">2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9297" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html" title="2.6.3. How Kerberos Works"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-
 Security_Guide-Kerberos.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology">2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9305" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Kerberos has its own terminology to define various aspects of the service. Before learning how Kerberos works, it is important to learn the following terms.
 		</div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">authentication server (AS)</span></dt><dd><div class="para">
 						A server that issues tickets for a desired service which are in turn given to users for access to the service. The AS responds to requests from clients who do not have or do not send credentials with a request. It is usually used to gain access to the ticket-granting server (TGS) service by issuing a ticket-granting ticket (TGT). The AS usually runs on the same host as the key distribution center (KDC).


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html" title="2.6.3. How Kerberos Works"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docn
 av"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM">2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9568" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9573" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html" title="2.6.3. How Kerberos Works"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html" title="2.6.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docn
 av"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-How_Kerberos_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Configuring_a_Kerberos_5_Server.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_and_PAM">2.6.4. Kerberos and PAM</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9576" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9581" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Kerberos-aware services do not currently make use of Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) — these services bypass PAM completely. However, applications that use PAM can make use of Kerberos for authentication if the <code class="filename">pam_krb5</code> module (provided in the <code class="filename">pam_krb5</code> package) is installed. The <code class="filename">pam_krb5</code> package contains sample configuration files that allow services such as <code class="command">login</code> and <code class="command">gdm</code> to authenticate users as well as obtain initial credentials using their passwords. If access to network servers is always performed using Kerberos-aware services or services that use GSS-API, such as IMAP, the network can be considered reasonably safe.
 		</div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
 				Administrators should be careful not to allow users to authenticate to most network services using Kerberos passwords. Many protocols used by these services do not encrypt the password before sending it over the network, destroying the benefits of the Kerberos system. For example, users should not be allowed to authenticate to Telnet services with the same password they use for Kerberos authentication.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html" title="2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.10. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><
 ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication">2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html" title="2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.6.10. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><
 ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication">2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			<span class="emphasis"><em>Cross-realm authentication</em></span> is the term which is used to describe situations in which clients (typically users) of one realm use Kerberos to authenticate to services (typically server processes running on a particular server system) which belong to a realm other than their own.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			For the simplest case, in order for a client of a realm named <code class="literal">A.EXAMPLE.COM</code> to access a service in the <code class="literal">B.EXAMPLE.COM</code> realm, both realms must share a key for a principal named <code class="literal">krbtgt/B.EXAMPLE.COM at A.EXAMPLE.COM</code>, and both keys must have the same key version number associated with them.


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  Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs">2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html" title="2.6.7. Domain-to-Realm Mapping"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html" title="2.6.9. Setting Up Cross Realm Authentication"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation
  Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Domain_to_Realm_Mapping.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Cross_Realm_Authentication.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Setting_Up_Secondary_KDCs">2.6.8. Setting Up Secondary KDCs</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			For a number of reasons, you may choose to run multiple KDCs for a given realm. In this scenario, one KDC (the <span class="emphasis"><em>master KDC</em></span>) keeps a writable copy of the realm database and runs <code class="command">kadmind</code> (it is also your realm's <span class="emphasis"><em>admin server</em></span>), and one or more KDCs (<span class="emphasis"><em>slave KDCs</em></span>) keep read-only copies of the database and run <code class="command">kpropd</code>.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			The master-slave propagation procedure entails the master KDC dumping its database to a temporary dump file and then transmitting that file to each of its slaves, which then overwrite their previously-received read-only copies of the database with the contents of the dump file.


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 "docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos">2.6. Kerberos</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e9201" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.6. Kerberos</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html" title="2.5.5.3. Related Books"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html" title="2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class=
 "docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos">2.6. Kerberos</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e9209" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		System security and integrity within a network can be unwieldy. It can occupy the time of several administrators just to keep track of what services are being run on a network and the manner in which these services are used.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		Further, authenticating users to network services can prove dangerous when the method used by the protocol is inherently insecure, as evidenced by the transfer of unencrypted passwords over a network using the traditional FTP and Telnet protocols.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		Kerberos is a way to eliminate the need for protocols that allow unsafe methods of authentication, thereby enhancing overall network security.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-What_is_Kerberos">2.6.1. What is Kerberos?</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
-			Kerberos is a network authentication protocol created by MIT, and uses symmetric-key cryptography<sup>[<a id="d0e9217" href="#ftn.d0e9217" class="footnote">14</a>]</sup> to authenticate users to network services, which means passwords are never actually sent over the network.
+			Kerberos is a network authentication protocol created by MIT, and uses symmetric-key cryptography<sup>[<a id="d0e9225" href="#ftn.d0e9225" class="footnote">14</a>]</sup> to authenticate users to network services, which means passwords are never actually sent over the network.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Consequently, when users authenticate to network services using Kerberos, unauthorized users attempting to gather passwords by monitoring network traffic are effectively thwarted.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-What_is_Kerberos-Advantages_of_Kerberos">2.6.1.1. Advantages of Kerberos</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9226" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-What_is_Kerberos-Advantages_of_Kerberos">2.6.1.1. Advantages of Kerberos</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9234" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Most conventional network services use password-based authentication schemes. Such schemes require a user to authenticate to a given network server by supplying their username and password. Unfortunately, the transmission of authentication information for many services is unencrypted. For such a scheme to be secure, the network has to be inaccessible to outsiders, and all computers and users on the network must be trusted and trustworthy.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Even if this is the case, a network that is connected to the Internet can no longer be assumed to be secure. Any attacker who gains access to the network can use a simple packet analyzer, also known as a packet sniffer, to intercept usernames and passwords, compromising user accounts and the integrity of the entire security infrastructure.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The primary design goal of Kerberos is to eliminate the transmission of unencrypted passwords across the network. If used properly, Kerberos effectively eliminates the threat that packet sniffers would otherwise pose on a network.
-			</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-What_is_Kerberos-Disadvantages_of_Kerberos">2.6.1.2. Disadvantages of Kerberos</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9240" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-What_is_Kerberos-Disadvantages_of_Kerberos">2.6.1.2. Disadvantages of Kerberos</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9248" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Although Kerberos removes a common and severe security threat, it may be difficult to implement for a variety of reasons:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						Migrating user passwords from a standard UNIX password database, such as <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> or <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code>, to a Kerberos password database can be tedious, as there is no automated mechanism to perform this task. Refer to Question 2.23 in the online Kerberos FAQ:
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@
 						For an application to use Kerberos, its source must be modified to make the appropriate calls into the Kerberos libraries. Applications modified in this way are considered to be <em class="firstterm">Kerberos-aware</em>, or <em class="firstterm">kerberized</em>. For some applications, this can be quite problematic due to the size of the application or its design. For other incompatible applications, changes must be made to the way in which the server and client communicate. Again, this may require extensive programming. Closed-source applications that do not have Kerberos support by default are often the most problematic.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						Kerberos is an all-or-nothing solution. If Kerberos is used on the network, any unencrypted passwords transferred to a non-Kerberos aware service is at risk. Thus, the network gains no benefit from the use of Kerberos. To secure a network with Kerberos, one must either use Kerberos-aware versions of <span class="emphasis"><em>all</em></span> client/server applications that transmit passwords unencrypted, or not use <span class="emphasis"><em>any</em></span> such client/server applications at all.
-					</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br/><hr/><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.d0e9217" href="#d0e9217" class="para">14</a>] </sup>
+					</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="footnotes"><br/><hr/><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.d0e9225" href="#d0e9225" class="para">14</a>] </sup>
 				A system where both the client and the server share a common key that is used to encrypt and decrypt network communication.
 			</p></div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Related_Books.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.5.5.3. Related Books</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos-Kerberos_Terminology.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.6.2. Kerberos Terminology</a></li></ul></body></html>
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7.5. Links of Interest</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished."/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
 _Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest">3.7.5. Links of Interest</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7.5. Links of Interest</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished."/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html" title="3.8. 7-Zip Encrypted Archives"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
 _Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Encryption-7_Zip_Encrypted_Archives.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest">3.7.5. Links of Interest</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			For additional information on LUKS or encrypting hard drives under Fedora please visit one of the following links:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<a href="http://luks.endorphin.org/">LUKS - Linux Unified Key Setup</a>


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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished."/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
 edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html" title="3.7.4. What you have just accomplished."/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
 edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions">3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li><div class="para">
 					enter runlevel 1: <code class="code">telinit 1</code>
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					unmount your existing /home: <code class="code"> umount /home</code>


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
 _Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html" title="3.7.5. Links of Interest"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
 _Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-What_you_have_just_accomplished">3.7.4. What you have just accomplished.</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Congratulations, you now have an encrypted partition for all of your data to safely rest while the computer is off.
 		</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Prev</strong>3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Links_of_Interest.html"><strong>Next</strong>3.7.5. Links of Interest</a></li></ul></body></html>
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/im
 age_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories">3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</h3></div></div></div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html" title="3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html" title="3.7.3. Step-by-Step Instructions"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/im
 age_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories-Step_by_Step_Instructions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories">3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories</h3></div></div></div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
 				Following this procedure will remove all data on the partition that you are encrypting. You WILL lose all your information! Make sure you backup your data to an external source before beginning this procedure!
 			</div></div><div class="para">
 			If you are running a version of Fedora prior to Fedora 9 and want to encrypt a partition, or you want to encrypt a partition after the installation of the current version of Fedora, the following directions are for you. The below example demonstrates encrypting your /home partition but any partition can be used.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/>
 </a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Encryption.html" title="Chapter 3. Encryption"/><link rel="prev" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html" title="3.6. Secure Shell"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html" title="3.7.2. Manually Encrypting Directories"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/>
 </a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="Security_Guide-Encryption-Data_in_Motion-Secure_Shell.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-Manually_Encrypting_Directories.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption">3.7. LUKS Disk Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 		Linux Unified Key Setup-on-disk-format (or LUKS) allows you to encrypt partitions on your Linux computer. This is particularly important when it comes to mobile computers and removable media. LUKS allows multiple user keys to decrypt a master key which is used for the bulk encryption of the partition.
 	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-LUKS_Disk_Encryption-LUKS_Implementation_in_Fedora">3.7.1. LUKS Implementation in Fedora</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Fedora 9, and later, utilizes LUKS to perform file system encryption. By default, the option to encrypt the file system is unchecked during the installation. If you select the option to encrypt you hard drive, you will be prompted for a passphrase that will be asked every time you boot the computer. This passphrase "unlocks" the bulk encryption key that is used to decrypt your partition. If you choose to modify the default partition table you can choose which partitions you want to encrypt. This is set in the partition table settings


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2.2.2. Access Control</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html" title="2.5.2.2.3. Shell Commands"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docu
 mentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control">2.5.2.2.2. Access Control</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7951" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2.2.2. Access Control</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html" title="2.5.2.2.3. Shell Commands"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docu
 mentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control">2.5.2.2.2. Access Control</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7959" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Option fields also allow administrators to explicitly allow or deny hosts in a single rule by adding the <code class="option">allow</code> or <code class="option">deny</code> directive as the final option.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					For example, the following two rules allow SSH connections from <code class="systemitem">client-1.example.com</code>, but deny connections from <code class="systemitem">client-2.example.com</code>:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2.2.4. Expansions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html" title="2.5.2.2.3. Shell Commands"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html" title="2.5.3. xinetd"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul 
 class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions">2.5.2.2.4. Expansions</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8061" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2.2.4. Expansions</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html" title="2.5.2.2.3. Shell Commands"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html" title="2.5.3. xinetd"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul 
 class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions">2.5.2.2.4. Expansions</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8069" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Expansions, when used in conjunction with the <code class="command">spawn</code> and <code class="command">twist</code> directives, provide information about the client, server, and processes involved.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					The following is a list of supported expansions:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html,v
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2.2.3. Shell Commands</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html" title="2.5.2.2.2. Access Control"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html" title="2.5.2.2.4. Expansions"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></
 p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands">2.5.2.2.3. Shell Commands</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7987" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7994" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8003" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2.2.3. Shell Commands</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html" title="2.5.2.2.2. Access Control"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html" title="2.5.2.2.4. Expansions"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></
 p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands">2.5.2.2.3. Shell Commands</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7995" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8002" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8011" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Option fields allow access rules to launch shell commands through the following two directives:
 				</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 							<code class="command">spawn</code> — Launches a shell command as a child process. This directive can perform tasks like using <code class="command">/usr/sbin/safe_finger</code> to get more information about the requesting client or create special log files using the <code class="command">echo</code> command.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.3.2. Control Flag</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html" title="2.4.3.3. Module Name"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedor
 aproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag">2.4.3.2. Control Flag</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6287" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.3.2. Control Flag</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html" title="2.4.3.3. Module Name"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedor
 aproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag">2.4.3.2. Control Flag</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6295" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				All PAM modules generate a success or failure result when called. Control flags tell PAM what do with the result. Modules can be stacked in a particular order, and the control flags determine how important the success or failure of a particular module is to the overall goal of authenticating the user to the service.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				There are four predefined control flags:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html,v
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.3.4. Module Arguments</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html" title="2.4.3.3. Module Name"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs
 .fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments">2.4.3.4. Module Arguments</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6396" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.3.4. Module Arguments</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html" title="2.4.3.3. Module Name"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs
 .fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments">2.4.3.4. Module Arguments</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6404" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				PAM uses <em class="firstterm">arguments</em> to pass information to a pluggable module during authentication for some modules.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				For example, the <code class="filename">pam_userdb.so</code> module uses information stored in a Berkeley DB file to authenticate the user. Berkeley DB is an open source database system embedded in many applications. The module takes a <code class="filename">db</code> argument so that Berkeley DB knows which database to use for the requested service.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.3.3. Module Name</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.4.3.2. Control Flag"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html" title="2.4.3.4. Module Arguments"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
 _Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name">2.4.3.3. Module Name</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6375" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.3.3. Module Name</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.4.3.2. Control Flag"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html" title="2.4.3.4. Module Arguments"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
 _Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name">2.4.3.3. Module Name</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6383" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The module name provides PAM with the name of the pluggable module containing the specified module interface. In older versions of Fedora, the full path to the module was provided in the PAM configuration file. However, since the advent of <em class="firstterm">multilib</em> systems, which store 64-bit PAM modules in the <code class="filename">/lib64/security/</code> directory, the directory name is omitted because the application is linked to the appropriate version of <code class="filename">libpam</code>, which can locate the correct version of the module.
 			</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.4.3.2. Control Flag</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.4.3.4. Module Arguments</a></li></ul></body></html>
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Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Comm
 on_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives">2.4.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6795" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Comm
 on_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives">2.4.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6803" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> module accepts several directives. The following are the two most commonly used options:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="command">timestamp_timeout</code> — Specifies the period (in seconds) for which the timestamp file is valid. The default value is 300 (five minutes).


Index: sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.7.2. Application Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.4.8. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://d
 ocs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access">2.4.7.2. Application Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.7.2. Application Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html" title="2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html" title="2.4.8. Additional Resources"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://d
 ocs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access">2.4.7.2. Application Access</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
 				The console user also has access to certain programs configured for use in the <code class="filename">/etc/security/console.apps/</code> directory.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				This directory contains configuration files which enable the console user to run certain applications in <code class="filename">/sbin</code> and <code class="filename">/usr/sbin</code>.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.8. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html" title="2.4.7.2. Application Access"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html" title="2.4.8.2. Useful PAM Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/ima
 ges/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources">2.4.8. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e7025" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.8. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html" title="2.4.7.2. Application Access"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html" title="2.4.8.2. Useful PAM Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/ima
 ges/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources">2.4.8. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e7033" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The following resources further explain methods to use and configure PAM. In addition to these resources, read the PAM configuration files on the system to better understand how they are structured.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_PAM_Documentation">2.4.8.1. Installed PAM Documentation</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7035" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_PAM_Documentation">2.4.8.1. Installed PAM Documentation</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7043" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						PAM-related man pages — Several man pages exist for the various applications and configuration files involved with PAM. The following is a list of some of the more important man pages.
 					</div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Configuration Files</span></dt><dd><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 											<code class="command">pam</code> — Good introductory information on PAM, including the structure and purpose of the PAM configuration files.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product S
 ite"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules">2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6623" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html" title="2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product S
 ite"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules">2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6631" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			You can create or add new PAM modules at any time for use by PAM-aware applications.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			For example, a developer might create a one-time-password creation method and write a PAM module to support it. PAM-aware programs can immediately use the new module and password method without being recompiled or otherwise modified.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html,v
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.4.3.2. Control Flag"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
  src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format">2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.4.3.2. Control Flag"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img
  src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format">2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Each PAM configuration file contains a group of directives formatted as follows:
 		</div><pre class="screen"><em class="replaceable"><code><module interface></code></em>  <em class="replaceable"><code><control flag></code></em>   <em class="replaceable"><code><module name></code></em>   <em class="replaceable"><code><module arguments></code></em>
 </pre><div class="para">
 			Each of these elements is explained in the following sections.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Interface">2.4.3.1. Module Interface</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6151" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6156" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6163" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Interface">2.4.3.1. Module Interface</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6159" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6164" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6171" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Four types of PAM module interface are currently available. Each of these corresponds to a different aspect of the authorization process:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="command">auth</code> — This module interface authenticates use. For example, it requests and verifies the validity of a password. Modules with this interface can also set credentials, such as group memberships or Kerberos tickets.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 			</div><pre class="screen">auth	required	pam_unix.so
 </pre><div class="para">
 				This instructs PAM to use the <code class="filename">pam_unix.so</code> module's <code class="command">auth</code> interface.
-			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Module_Interface-Stacking_Module_Interfaces">2.4.3.1.1. Stacking Module Interfaces</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e6220" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Module_Interface-Stacking_Module_Interfaces">2.4.3.1.1. Stacking Module Interfaces</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e6228" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Module interface directives can be <span class="emphasis"><em>stacked</em></span>, or placed upon one another, so that multiple modules are used together for one purpose. If a module's control flag uses the "sufficient" or "requisite" value (refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html" title="2.4.3.2. Control Flag">Section 2.4.3.2, “Control Flag”</a> for more information on these flags), then the order in which the modules are listed is important to the authentication process.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					Stacking makes it easy for an administrator to require specific conditions to exist before allowing the user to authenticate. For example, the <code class="command">reboot</code> command normally uses several stacked modules, as seen in its PAM configuration file:


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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
 edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files">2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6058" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6064" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6070" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6076" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6082" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.f
 edoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files">2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6066" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6072" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6078" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6084" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6090" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory contains the PAM configuration files for each PAM-aware application. In earlier versions of PAM, the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.conf</code> file was used, but this file is now deprecated and is only used if the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory does not exist.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_Files-PAM_Service_Files">2.4.2.1. PAM Service Files</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6101" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_Files-PAM_Service_Files">2.4.2.1. PAM Service Files</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6109" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Each PAM-aware application or <em class="firstterm">service</em> has a file in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory. Each file in this directory has the same name as the service to which it controls access.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The PAM-aware program is responsible for defining its service name and installing its own PAM configuration file in the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/</code> directory. For example, the <code class="command">login</code> program defines its service name as <code class="command">login</code> and installs the <code class="filename">/etc/pam.d/login</code> PAM configuration file.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html" title="2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html" title="2.4.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a
  class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching">2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6650" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6658" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6664" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html" title="2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html" title="2.4.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a
  class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching">2.4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6658" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6666" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6672" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			A number of graphical administrative tools in Fedora provide users with elevated privileges for up to five minutes using the <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> module. It is important to understand how this mechanism works, because a user who walks away from a terminal while <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> is in effect leaves the machine open to manipulation by anyone with physical access to the console.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			In the PAM timestamp scheme, the graphical administrative application prompts the user for the root password when it is launched. When the user has been authenticated, the <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> module creates a timestamp file. By default, this is created in the <code class="filename">/var/run/sudo/</code> directory. If the timestamp file already exists, graphical administrative programs do not prompt for a password. Instead, the <code class="filename">pam_timestamp.so</code> module freshens the timestamp file, reserving an extra five minutes of unchallenged administrative access for the user.
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 			The existence of the timestamp file is indicated by an authentication icon, which appears in the notification area of the panel.
 		</div><div class="figure" id="figu-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-The_Authentication_Icon"><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/authicon.png" alt="The Authentication Icon"/><div class="longdesc"><div class="para">
 						Illustration of the authentication icon.
-					</div></div></div></div><h6>Figure 2.7. The Authentication Icon</h6></div><br class="figure-break"/><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Removing_the_Timestamp_File">2.4.6.1. Removing the Timestamp File</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6711" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6719" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6727" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div></div></div></div><h6>Figure 2.7. The Authentication Icon</h6></div><br class="figure-break"/><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Removing_the_Timestamp_File">2.4.6.1. Removing the Timestamp File</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e6719" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6727" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6735" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Before abandoning a console where a PAM timestamp is active, it is recommended that the timestamp file be destroyed. To do this from a graphical environment, click the authentication icon on the panel. This causes a dialog box to appear. Click the <span class="guibutton"><strong>Forget Authorization</strong></span> button to destroy the active timestamp file.
 			</div><div class="figure" id="figu-Security_Guide-Removing_the_Timestamp_File-Dismiss_Authentication_Dialog"><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/auth-panel.png" alt="Dismiss Authentication Dialog"/><div class="longdesc"><div class="para">
 							Illustration of the authentication dismissal dialog box.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html" title="2.4.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html" title="2.4.7.2. Application Access"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
 s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership">2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6834" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6842" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6848" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html" title="2.4.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html" title="2.4.7.2. Application Access"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
 s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership">2.4.7. PAM and Device Ownership</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6842" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6850" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6856" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			In Fedora, the first user who logs in at the physical console of the machine can manipulate certain devices and perform certain tasks normally reserved for the root user. This is controlled by a PAM module called <code class="filename">pam_console.so</code>.
 		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Device_Ownership">2.4.7.1. Device Ownership</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
 				When a user logs in to a Fedora system, the <code class="filename">pam_console.so</code> module is called by <code class="command">login</code> or the graphical login programs, <span class="application"><strong>gdm</strong></span>, <span class="application"><strong>kdm</strong></span>, and <span class="application"><strong>xdm</strong></span>. If this user is the first user to log in at the physical console — referred to as the <em class="firstterm">console user</em> — the module grants the user ownership of a variety of devices normally owned by root. The console user owns these devices until the last local session for that user ends. After this user has logged out, ownership of the devices reverts back to the root user.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html" title="2.4.3.4. Module Arguments"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html" title="2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><
 img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files">2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6440" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6445" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html" title="2.4.3.4. Module Arguments"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html" title="2.4.5. Creating PAM Modules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><
 img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files">2.4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6448" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6453" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The following is a sample PAM application configuration file:
 		</div><pre class="screen">#%PAM-1.0
 auth	required  pam_securetty.so
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 					<code class="command">auth required pam_unix.so nullok</code> — This module prompts the user for a password and then checks the password using the information stored in <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> and, if it exists, <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code>.
 				</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 							The argument <code class="command">nullok</code> instructs the <code class="filename">pam_unix.so</code> module to allow a blank password.
-						</div><a id="d0e6506" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6511" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6516" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6521" class="indexterm"/></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="para">
+						</div><a id="d0e6514" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6519" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6524" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6529" class="indexterm"/></li></ul></div></li><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="command">auth required pam_nologin.so</code> — This is the final authentication step. It checks whether the <code class="filename">/etc/nologin</code> file exists. If it exists and the user is not root, authentication fails.
 				</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 						In this example, all three <code class="command">auth</code> modules are checked, even if the first <code class="command">auth</code> module fails. This prevents the user from knowing at what stage their authentication failed. Such knowledge in the hands of an attacker could allow them to more easily deduce how to crack the system.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html" title="2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http
 ://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM">2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e6006" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6011" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html" title="2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.4.2. PAM Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http
 ://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM">2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e6014" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e6019" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		Programs that grant users access to a system use <em class="firstterm">authentication</em> to verify each other's identity (that is, to establish that a user is who they say they are).
 	</div><div class="para">
 		Historically, each program had its own way of authenticating users. In Fedora, many programs are configured to use a centralized authentication mechanism called <em class="firstterm">Pluggable Authentication Modules</em> (<acronym class="acronym">PAM</acronym>).
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 		PAM uses a pluggable, modular architecture, which affords the system administrator a great deal of flexibility in setting authentication policies for the system.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		In most situations, the default PAM configuration file for a PAM-aware application is sufficient. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to edit a PAM configuration file. Because misconfiguration of PAM can compromise system security, it is important to understand the structure of these files before making any modifications. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html" title="2.4.3. PAM Configuration File Format">Section 2.4.3, “PAM Configuration File Format”</a> for more information.
-	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Advantages_of_PAM">2.4.1. Advantages of PAM</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6038" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Advantages_of_PAM">2.4.1. Advantages of PAM</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e6046" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			PAM offers the following advantages:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					a common authentication scheme that can be used with a wide variety of applications.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p
 ><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption">5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html" title="Chapter 5. Secure Installation"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p
 ><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption">5.2. Utilize LUKS Partition Encryption</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Since Fedora 9, implementation of <a href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Security_Guide/9/LUKSDiskEncryption">Linux Unified Key Setup-on-disk-format</a>(LUKS) encryption has become a lot easier. During the installation process an option to encrypt your partitions will be presented to the user. The user must supply a passphrase that will be the key to unlock the bulk encryption key that will be used to secure the partition's data.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Fedora 8, however, does not have LUKS support built-in; however it is easily implemented. <a href="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Security_Guide/9/LUKSDiskEncryption#Step-by-Step_Instructions">Step-by-step procedures</a> are available that allow the user to implement partition encryption on their Fedora 8 installation.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.6.2. Anonymous Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html" title="2.2.6.3. User Accounts"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li
  class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access">2.2.6.2. Anonymous Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5169" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5174" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.6.2. Anonymous Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html" title="2.2.6.3. User Accounts"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li
  class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access">2.2.6.2. Anonymous Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5177" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5182" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The presence of the <code class="filename">/var/ftp/</code> directory activates the anonymous account.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The easiest way to create this directory is to install the <code class="filename">vsftpd</code> package. This package establishes a directory tree for anonymous users and configures the permissions on directories to read-only for anonymous users.
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 				By default the anonymous user cannot write to any directories.
 			</div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
 					If enabling anonymous access to an FTP server, be aware of where sensitive data is stored.
-				</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Anonymous_Access-Anonymous_Upload">2.2.6.2.1. Anonymous Upload</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e5201" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5206" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Anonymous_Access-Anonymous_Upload">2.2.6.2.1. Anonymous Upload</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e5209" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5214" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					To allow anonymous users to upload files, it is recommended that a write-only directory be created within <code class="filename">/var/ftp/pub/</code>.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					To do this, type the following command:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html" title="2.2.6.3. User Accounts"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7. Securing Sendmail"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></
 a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access">2.2.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5301" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5306" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5311" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html" title="2.2.6.3. User Accounts"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7. Securing Sendmail"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></
 a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access">2.2.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5309" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5314" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5319" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Use TCP Wrappers to control access to either FTP daemon as outlined in <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html#sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers" title="2.2.1.1. Enhancing Security With TCP Wrappers">Section 2.2.1.1, “Enhancing Security With TCP Wrappers”</a>.
 			</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.2.6.3. User Accounts</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2.7. Securing Sendmail</a></li></ul></body></html>
\ No newline at end of file


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.6.3. User Accounts</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html" title="2.2.6.2. Anonymous Access"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html" title="2.2.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docum
 entation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts">2.2.6.3. User Accounts</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5248" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5253" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.6.3. User Accounts</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html" title="2.2.6.2. Anonymous Access"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html" title="2.2.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docum
 entation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts">2.2.6.3. User Accounts</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5256" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5261" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Because FTP transmits unencrypted usernames and passwords over insecure networks for authentication, it is a good idea to deny system users access to the server from their user accounts.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				To disable all user accounts in <code class="command">vsftpd</code>, add the following directive to <code class="filename">/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf</code>:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.2.4. Securing NFS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.2.4. Securing NFS"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html" title="2.2.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt
 ="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors">2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4855" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4860" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.2.4. Securing NFS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.2.4. Securing NFS"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html" title="2.2.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt
 ="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors">2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4863" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4868" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The NFS server determines which file systems to export and which hosts to export these directories to by consulting the <code class="filename">/etc/exports</code> file. Be careful not to add extraneous spaces when editing this file.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				For instance, the following line in the <code class="filename">/etc/exports</code> file shares the directory <code class="command">/tmp/nfs/</code> to the host <code class="command">bob.example.com</code> with read/write permissions.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.2.4. Securing NFS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html" title="2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html" title="2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/im
 ages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option">2.2.4.3. Do Not Use the <code class="command">no_root_squash</code> Option</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.2.4. Securing NFS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html" title="2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html" title="2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/im
 ages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option">2.2.4.3. Do Not Use the <code class="command">no_root_squash</code> Option</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
 				By default, NFS shares change the root user to the <code class="command">nfsnobody</code> user, an unprivileged user account. This changes the owner of all root-created files to <code class="command">nfsnobody</code>, which prevents uploading of programs with the setuid bit set.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				If <code class="command">no_root_squash</code> is used, remote root users are able to change any file on the shared file system and leave applications infected by trojans for other users to inadvertently execute.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html" title="2.2.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html" title="2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Commo
 n_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules">2.2.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4721" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4726" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4733" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4738" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html" title="2.2.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html" title="2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Commo
 n_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules">2.2.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4729" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4734" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4741" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4746" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				All of the servers related to NIS can be assigned specific ports except for <code class="command">rpc.yppasswdd</code> — the daemon that allows users to change their login passwords. Assigning ports to the other two NIS server daemons, <code class="command">rpc.ypxfrd</code> and <code class="command">ypserv</code>, allows for the creation of firewall rules to further protect the NIS server daemons from intruders.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				To do this, add the following lines to <code class="filename">/etc/sysconfig/network</code>:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html" title="2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html" title="2.2.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="righ
 t" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File">2.2.3.3. Edit the <code class="filename">/var/yp/securenets</code> File</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4679" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4685" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html" title="2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html" title="2.2.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="righ
 t" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File">2.2.3.3. Edit the <code class="filename">/var/yp/securenets</code> File</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4687" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4693" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				If the <code class="filename">/var/yp/securenets</code> file is blank or does not exist (as is the case after a default installation), NIS listens to all networks. One of the first things to do is to put netmask/network pairs in the file so that <code class="command">ypserv</code> only responds to requests from the appropriate network.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Below is a sample entry from a <code class="filename">/var/yp/securenets</code> file:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html" title="2.2.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.2.4. Securing NFS"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/imag
 e_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication">2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4779" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4784" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4791" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html" title="2.2.3.4. Assign Static Ports and Use iptables Rules"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html" title="2.2.4. Securing NFS"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/imag
 e_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication">2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4787" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4792" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4799" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				One of the issues to consider when NIS is used for authentication is that whenever a user logs into a machine, a password hash from the <code class="filename">/etc/shadow</code> map is sent over the network. If an intruder gains access to an NIS domain and sniffs network traffic, they can collect usernames and password hashes. With enough time, a password cracking program can guess weak passwords, and an attacker can gain access to a valid account on the network.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Since Kerberos uses secret-key cryptography, no password hashes are ever sent over the network, making the system far more secure. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Kerberos.html" title="2.6. Kerberos">Section 2.6, “Kerberos”</a> for more information about Kerberos.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html" title="2.2.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_
 right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname">2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4617" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4622" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html" title="2.2.3.3. Edit the /var/yp/securenets File"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_
 right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname">2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4625" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4630" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Any machine within an NIS domain can use commands to extract information from the server without authentication, as long as the user knows the NIS server's DNS hostname and NIS domain name.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				For instance, if someone either connects a laptop computer into the network or breaks into the network from outside (and manages to spoof an internal IP address), the following command reveals the <code class="command">/etc/passwd</code> map:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.2.2. Securing Portmap"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.2.2. Securing Portmap"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></
 a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables">2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4493" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.2.2. Securing Portmap"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.2.2. Securing Portmap"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html" title="2.2.3. Securing NIS"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></
 a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables">2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4501" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				To further restrict access to the <code class="command">portmap</code> service, it is a good idea to add iptables rules to the server and restrict access to specific networks.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Below are two example iptables commands. The first allows TCP connections to the port 111 (used by the <code class="command">portmap</code> service) from the 192.168.0.0/24 network. The second allows TCP connections to the same port from the localhost. This is necessary for the <code class="command">sgi_fam</code> service used by <span class="application"><strong>Nautilus</strong></span>. All other packets are dropped.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.7.3. Mail-only Users</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7. Securing Sendmail"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_r
 ight.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users">2.2.7.3. Mail-only Users</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.7.3. Mail-only Users</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7. Securing Sendmail"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_r
 ight.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users">2.2.7.3. Mail-only Users</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
 				To help prevent local user exploits on the Sendmail server, it is best for mail users to only access the Sendmail server using an email program. Shell accounts on the mail server should not be allowed and all user shells in the <code class="filename">/etc/passwd</code> file should be set to <code class="command">/sbin/nologin</code> (with the possible exception of the root user).
 			</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</a></li></ul></body></html>
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Index: sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html
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retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7. Securing Sendmail"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7. Securing Sendmail"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html" title="2.2.7.3. Mail-only Users"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/><
 /a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail">2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5393" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5398" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5403" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7. Securing Sendmail"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7. Securing Sendmail"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html" title="2.2.7.3. Mail-only Users"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/><
 /a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail">2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5401" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5406" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5411" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Never put the mail spool directory, <code class="filename">/var/spool/mail/</code>, on an NFS shared volume.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Because NFSv2 and NFSv3 do not maintain control over user and group IDs, two or more users can have the same UID, and receive and read each other's mail.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.5. Security Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class
 ="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates">1.5. Security Updates</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e1399" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1404" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.5. Security Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class
 ="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates">1.5. Security Updates</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e1399" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1404" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		As security vulnerabilities are discovered, the affected software must be updated in order to limit any potential security risks. If the software is part of a package within a Fedora distribution that is currently supported, Fedora. is committed to releasing updated packages that fix the vulnerability as soon as possible. Often, announcements about a given security exploit are accompanied with a patch (or source code that fixes the problem). This patch is then applied to the Fedora package, tested by the Red Hat quality assurance team, and released as an errata update. However, if an announcement does not include a patch, a Red Hat developer works with the maintainer of the software to fix the problem. Once the problem is fixed, the package is tested and released as an errata update.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		If an errata update is released for software used on your system, it is highly recommended that you update the effected packages as soon as possible to minimize the amount of time the system is potentially vulnerable.
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 				To display details about a specific key, use the <code class="command">rpm -qi</code> command followed by the output from the previous command, as in this example:
 			</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">rpm -qi gpg-pubkey-db42a60e-37ea5438</code>
 </pre><div class="para">
-				It is extremely important to verify the signature of the RPM files before installing them to ensure that they have not been altered from the Fedora. release of the packages. To verify all the downloaded packages at once, issue the following command:
+				It is extremely important to verify the signature of the RPM files before installing them to ensure that they have not been altered from the original source of the packages. To verify all the downloaded packages at once, issue the following command:
 			</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">rpm -K /tmp/updates/*.rpm</code>
 </pre><div class="para">
 				For each package, if the GPG key verifies successfully, the command returns <code class="computeroutput">gpg OK</code>. If it doesn't, make sure you are using the correct Red Hat public key, as well as verifying the source of the content. Packages that do not pass GPG verifications should not be installed, as they may have been altered by a third party.
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@
 				</div></div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
 					Before installing any security errata, be sure to read any special instructions contained in the errata report and execute them accordingly. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html#sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes" title="1.5.1.5. Applying the Changes">Section 1.5.1.5, “Applying the Changes”</a> for general instructions about applying the changes made by an errata update.
 				</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Updating_Packages-Applying_the_Changes">1.5.1.5. Applying the Changes</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1613" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e1618" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
-				After downloading and installing security errata via Red Hat Network or the Red Hat errata website, it is important to halt usage of the older software and begin using the new software. How this is done depends on the type of software that has been updated. The following list itemizes the general categories of software and provides instructions for using the updated versions after a package upgrade.
+				After downloading and installing security errata and updates, it is important to halt usage of the older software and begin using the new software. How this is done depends on the type of software that has been updated. The following list itemizes the general categories of software and provides instructions for using the updated versions after a package upgrade.
 			</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
-					In general, rebooting the system is the surest way to ensure that the latest version of a software package is used; however, this option is not always available to the system administrator.
+					In general, rebooting the system is the surest way to ensure that the latest version of a software package is used; however, this option is not always required, or available to the system administrator.
 				</div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Applications</span></dt><dd><div class="para">
 							User-space applications are any programs that can be initiated by a system user. Typically, such applications are used only when a user, script, or automated task utility launches them and they do not persist for long periods of time.
 						</div><div class="para">
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
 							Shared libraries are units of code, such as <code class="filename">glibc</code>, which are used by a number of applications and services. Applications utilizing a shared library typically load the shared code when the application is initialized, so any applications using the updated library must be halted and relaunched.
 						</div><div class="para">
 							To determine which running applications link against a particular library, use the <code class="command">lsof</code> command as in the following example:
-						</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">lsof /usr/lib/libwrap.so*</code>
+						</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command">lsof /lib/libwrap.so*</code>
 </pre><div class="para">
 							This command returns a list of all the running programs which use TCP wrappers for host access control. Therefore, any program listed must be halted and relaunched if the <code class="filename">tcp_wrappers</code> package is updated.
 						</div></dd><dt><span class="term">SysV Services</span></dt><dd><div class="para">


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.6. Securing FTP</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html" title="2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html" title="2.2.6.2. Anonymous Access"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a>
 </p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP">2.2.6. Securing FTP</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e5033" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5038" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.6. Securing FTP</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html" title="2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html" title="2.2.6.2. Anonymous Access"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a>
 </p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP">2.2.6. Securing FTP</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e5041" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5046" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The <em class="firstterm">File Transport Protocol</em> (<abbr class="abbrev">FTP</abbr>) is an older TCP protocol designed to transfer files over a network. Because all transactions with the server, including user authentication, are unencrypted, it is considered an insecure protocol and should be carefully configured.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Fedora provides three FTP servers.
-		</div><a id="d0e5053" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5059" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
+		</div><a id="d0e5061" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5067" class="indexterm"/><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="command">gssftpd</code> — A Kerberos-aware <code class="command">xinetd</code>-based FTP daemon that does not transmit authentication information over the network.
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					<span class="application"><strong>Red Hat Content Accelerator</strong></span> (<code class="command">tux</code>) — A kernel-space Web server with FTP capabilities.
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 					<code class="command">vsftpd</code> — A standalone, security oriented implementation of the FTP service.
 				</div></li></ul></div><div class="para">
 			The following security guidelines are for setting up the <code class="command">vsftpd</code> FTP service.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-FTP_Greeting_Banner">2.2.6.1. FTP Greeting Banner</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5100" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5105" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-FTP_Greeting_Banner">2.2.6.1. FTP Greeting Banner</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5108" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5113" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Before submitting a username and password, all users are presented with a greeting banner. By default, this banner includes version information useful to crackers trying to identify weaknesses in a system.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				To change the greeting banner for <code class="command">vsftpd</code>, add the following directive to the <code class="filename">/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf</code> file:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.4. Securing NFS</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html" title="2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html" title="2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/
 ></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS">2.2.4. Securing NFS</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e4808" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4813" class="indexterm"/><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.4. Securing NFS</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html" title="2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html" title="2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/
 ></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS">2.2.4. Securing NFS</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e4816" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4821" class="indexterm"/><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
 				The version of NFS included in Fedora, NFSv4, no longer requires the <code class="command">portmap</code> service as outlined in <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.2.2. Securing Portmap">Section 2.2.2, “Securing Portmap”</a>. NFS traffic now utilizes TCP in all versions, rather than UDP, and requires it when using NFSv4. NFSv4 now includes Kerberos user and group authentication, as part of the <code class="filename">RPCSEC_GSS</code> kernel module. Information on <code class="command">portmap</code> is still included, since Fedora supports NFSv2 and NFSv3, both of which utilize <code class="command">portmap</code>.
-			</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Carefully_Plan_the_Network">2.2.4.1. Carefully Plan the Network</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4838" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4843" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Carefully_Plan_the_Network">2.2.4.1. Carefully Plan the Network</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4846" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4851" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Now that NFSv4 has the ability to pass all information encrypted using Kerberos over a network, it is important that the service be configured correctly if it is behind a firewall or on a segmented network. NFSv2 and NFSv3 still pass data insecurely, and this should be taken into consideration. Careful network design in all of these regards can help prevent security breaches.
 			</div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.2.3.5. Use Kerberos Authentication</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2.4.2. Beware of Syntax Errors</a></li></ul></body></html>
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Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3. Securing NIS</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html" title="2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html" title="2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
 _Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS">2.2.3. Securing NIS</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e4531" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4536" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.3. Securing NIS</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html" title="2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html" title="2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and Hostname"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common
 _Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS">2.2.3. Securing NIS</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e4539" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4544" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The <em class="firstterm">Network Information Service</em> (<acronym class="acronym">NIS</acronym>) is an RPC service, called <code class="command">ypserv</code>,--> which is used in conjunction with <code class="command">portmap</code> and other related services to distribute maps of usernames, passwords, and other sensitive information to any computer claiming to be within its domain.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			An NIS server is comprised of several applications. They include the following:
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@
 			NIS is somewhat insecure by today's standards. It has no host authentication mechanisms and transmits all of its information over the network unencrypted, including password hashes. As a result, extreme care must be taken when setting up a network that uses NIS. This is further complicated by the fact that the default configuration of NIS is inherently insecure.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			It is recommended that anyone planning to implement an NIS server first secure the <code class="command">portmap</code> service as outlined in <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.2.2. Securing Portmap">Section 2.2.2, “Securing Portmap”</a>, then address the following issues, such as network planning.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Carefully_Plan_the_Network">2.2.3.1. Carefully Plan the Network</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4600" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4605" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Carefully_Plan_the_Network">2.2.3.1. Carefully Plan the Network</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4608" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4613" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Because NIS transmits sensitive information unencrypted over the network, it is important the service be run behind a firewall and on a segmented and secure network. Whenever NIS information is transmitted over an insecure network, it risks being intercepted. Careful network design can help prevent severe security breaches.
 			</div></div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.2.3.2. Use a Password-like NIS Domain Name and ...</a></li></ul></body></html>
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Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.2. Securing Portmap</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html" title="2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="d
 ocnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap">2.2.2. Securing Portmap</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e4440" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.2. Securing Portmap</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html" title="2.2.2.2. Protect portmap With iptables"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="d
 ocnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap">2.2.2. Securing Portmap</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e4448" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The <code class="command">portmap</code> service is a dynamic port assignment daemon for RPC services such as NIS and NFS. It has weak authentication mechanisms and has the ability to assign a wide range of ports for the services it controls. For these reasons, it is difficult to secure.
 		</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 				Securing <code class="command">portmap</code> only affects NFSv2 and NFSv3 implementations, since NFSv4 no longer requires it. If you plan to implement an NFSv2 or NFSv3 server, then <code class="command">portmap</code> is required, and the following section applies.
 			</div></div><div class="para">
 			If running RPC services, follow these basic rules.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_TCP_Wrappers">2.2.2.1. Protect portmap With TCP Wrappers</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4467" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4473" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_TCP_Wrappers">2.2.2.1. Protect portmap With TCP Wrappers</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4475" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4481" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				It is important to use TCP Wrappers to limit which networks or hosts have access to the <code class="command">portmap</code> service since it has no built-in form of authentication.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Further, use <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span> IP addresses when limiting access to the service. Avoid using hostnames, as they can be forged by DNS poisoning and other methods.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.7. Securing Sendmail</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html" title="2.2.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentat
 ion Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail">2.2.7. Securing Sendmail</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e5325" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5330" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.7. Securing Sendmail</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html" title="2.2.6.4. Use TCP Wrappers To Control Access"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html" title="2.2.7.2. NFS and Sendmail"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentat
 ion Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail">2.2.7. Securing Sendmail</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e5333" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5338" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Sendmail is a Mail Transport Agent (MTA) that uses the Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) to deliver electronic messages between other MTAs and to email clients or delivery agents. Although many MTAs are capable of encrypting traffic between one another, most do not, so sending email over any public networks is considered an inherently insecure form of communication.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			It is recommended that anyone planning to implement a Sendmail server address the following issues.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Limiting_a_Denial_of_Service_Attack">2.2.7.1. Limiting a Denial of Service Attack</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5342" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5347" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Limiting_a_Denial_of_Service_Attack">2.2.7.1. Limiting a Denial of Service Attack</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e5350" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5355" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Because of the nature of email, a determined attacker can flood the server with mail fairly easily and cause a denial of service. By setting limits to the following directives in <code class="filename">/etc/mail/sendmail.mc</code>, the effectiveness of such attacks is limited.
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="command">confCONNECTION_RATE_THROTTLE</code> — The number of connections the server can receive per second. By default, Sendmail does not limit the number of connections. If a limit is set and reached, further connections are delayed.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html" title="2.2.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docu
 mentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server">2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e4930" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4935" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html" title="2.2.4.3. Do Not Use the no_root_squash Option"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html" title="2.2.6. Securing FTP"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Docu
 mentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server">2.2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e4938" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4943" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The Apache HTTP Server is one of the most stable and secure services that ships with Fedora. A large number of options and techniques are available to secure the Apache HTTP Server — too numerous to delve into deeply here. The following section briefly explains good practices when running the Apache HTTP Server.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Always verify that any scripts running on the system work as intended <span class="emphasis"><em>before</em></span> putting them into production. Also, ensure that only the root user has write permissions to any directory containing scripts or CGIs. To do this, run the following commands as the root user:
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 </pre></li><li><pre class="screen">chmod 755 <em class="replaceable"><code><directory_name></code></em>
 </pre></li></ol></div><div class="para">
 			System administrators should be careful when using the following configuration options (configured in <code class="filename">/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf</code>):
-		</div><a id="d0e4965" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4970" class="indexterm"/><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">FollowSymLinks</code></span></dt><dd><div class="para">
+		</div><a id="d0e4973" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4978" class="indexterm"/><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">FollowSymLinks</code></span></dt><dd><div class="para">
 						This directive is enabled by default, so be sure to use caution when creating symbolic links to the document root of the Web server. For instance, it is a bad idea to provide a symbolic link to <code class="filename">/</code>.
 					</div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">Indexes</code></span></dt><dd><div class="para">
 						This directive is enabled by default, but may not be desirable. To prevent visitors from browsing files on the server, remove this directive.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html" title="2.2.7.3. Mail-only Users"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="d
 ocnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening">2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e5442" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5447" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5454" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5458" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5462" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5465" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html" title="2.2. Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html" title="2.2.7.3. Mail-only Users"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="d
 ocnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening">2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e5450" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5455" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5462" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5466" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5470" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e5473" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			After configuring network services, it is important to pay attention to which ports are actually listening on the system's network interfaces. Any open ports can be evidence of an intrusion.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			There are two basic approaches for listing the ports that are listening on the network. The less reliable approach is to query the network stack using commands such as <code class="command">netstat -an</code> or <code class="command">lsof -i</code>. This method is less reliable since these programs do not connect to the machine from the network, but rather check to see what is running on the system. For this reason, these applications are frequent targets for replacement by attackers. Crackers attempt to cover their tracks if they open unauthorized network ports by replacing <code class="command">netstat</code> and <code class="command">lsof</code> with their own, modified versions.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2. Server Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.2.2. Securing Portmap"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul cl
 ass="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security">2.2. Server Security</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e4023" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.2. Server Security</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html" title="2.2.2. Securing Portmap"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul cl
 ass="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security">2.2. Server Security</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e4031" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		When a system is used as a server on a public network, it becomes a target for attacks. Hardening the system and locking down services is therefore of paramount importance for the system administrator.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		Before delving into specific issues, review the following general tips for enhancing server security:
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@
 				It is a good idea to use iptables firewall rules in conjunction with TCP Wrappers and <code class="command">xinetd</code> to create redundancy within service access controls. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls">Section 2.8, “Firewalls”</a> for more information about implementing firewalls with iptables commands.
 			</div></div><div class="para">
 			The following subsections assume a basic knowledge of each topic and focus on specific security options.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers">2.2.1.1. Enhancing Security With TCP Wrappers</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4073" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers">2.2.1.1. Enhancing Security With TCP Wrappers</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4081" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				TCP Wrappers are capable of much more than denying access to services. This section illustrates how they can be used to send connection banners, warn of attacks from particular hosts, and enhance logging functionality. Refer to the <code class="filename">hosts_options</code> man page for information about the TCP Wrapper functionality and control language.
-			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers-TCP_Wrappers_and_Connection_Banners">2.2.1.1.1. TCP Wrappers and Connection Banners</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4086" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4091" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers-TCP_Wrappers_and_Connection_Banners">2.2.1.1.1. TCP Wrappers and Connection Banners</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4094" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4099" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Displaying a suitable banner when users connect to a service is a good way to let potential attackers know that the system administrator is being vigilant. You can also control what information about the system is presented to users. To implement a TCP Wrappers banner for a service, use the <code class="option">banner</code> option.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					This example implements a banner for <code class="command">vsftpd</code>. To begin, create a banner file. It can be anywhere on the system, but it must have same name as the daemon. For this example, the file is called <code class="filename">/etc/banners/vsftpd</code> and contains the following line:
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 				</div><div class="para">
 					For this banner to be displayed to incoming connections, add the following line to the <code class="filename">/etc/hosts.allow</code> file:
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command"> vsftpd : ALL : banners /etc/banners/ </code>
-</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers-TCP_Wrappers_and_Attack_Warnings">2.2.1.1.2. TCP Wrappers and Attack Warnings</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4132" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4139" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers-TCP_Wrappers_and_Attack_Warnings">2.2.1.1.2. TCP Wrappers and Attack Warnings</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4140" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4147" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					If a particular host or network has been detected attacking the server, TCP Wrappers can be used to warn the administrator of subsequent attacks from that host or network using the <code class="command">spawn</code> directive.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					In this example, assume that a cracker from the 206.182.68.0/24 network has been detected attempting to attack the server. Place the following line in the <code class="filename">/etc/hosts.deny</code> file to deny any connection attempts from that network, and to log the attempts to a special file:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 					To allow the connection and log it, place the <code class="command">spawn</code> directive in the <code class="filename">/etc/hosts.allow</code> file.
 				</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 						Because the <code class="command">spawn</code> directive executes any shell command, create a special script to notify the administrator or execute a chain of commands in the event that a particular client attempts to connect to the server.
-					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers-TCP_Wrappers_and_Enhanced_Logging">2.2.1.1.3. TCP Wrappers and Enhanced Logging</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4182" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4187" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_TCP_Wrappers-TCP_Wrappers_and_Enhanced_Logging">2.2.1.1.3. TCP Wrappers and Enhanced Logging</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4190" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4195" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					If certain types of connections are of more concern than others, the log level can be elevated for that service using the <code class="command">severity</code> option.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					For this example, assume that anyone attempting to connect to port 23 (the Telnet port) on an FTP server is a cracker. To denote this, place an <code class="command">emerg</code> flag in the log files instead of the default flag, <code class="command">info</code>, and deny the connection.
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@
 				</div><pre class="screen"><code class="command"> in.telnetd : ALL : severity emerg </code>
 </pre><div class="para">
 					This uses the default <code class="command">authpriv</code> logging facility, but elevates the priority from the default value of <code class="command">info</code> to <code class="command">emerg</code>, which posts log messages directly to the console.
-				</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Enhancing_Security_With_xinetd">2.2.1.2. Enhancing Security With xinetd</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4230" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Services_With_TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Enhancing_Security_With_xinetd">2.2.1.2. Enhancing Security With xinetd</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e4238" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				This section focuses on using <code class="command">xinetd</code> to set a trap service and using it to control resource levels available to any given <code class="command">xinetd</code> service. Setting resource limits for services can help thwart <em class="firstterm">Denial of Service</em> (<acronym class="acronym">DoS</acronym>) attacks. Refer to the man pages for <code class="command">xinetd</code> and <code class="filename">xinetd.conf</code> for a list of available options.
-			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_xinetd-Setting_a_Trap">2.2.1.2.1. Setting a Trap</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4259" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4265" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_xinetd-Setting_a_Trap">2.2.1.2.1. Setting a Trap</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4267" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4273" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					One important feature of <code class="command">xinetd</code> is its ability to add hosts to a global <code class="filename">no_access</code> list. Hosts on this list are denied subsequent connections to services managed by <code class="command">xinetd</code> for a specified period or until <code class="command">xinetd</code> is restarted. You can do this using the <code class="command">SENSOR</code> attribute. This is an easy way to block hosts attempting to scan the ports on the server.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					The first step in setting up a <code class="command">SENSOR</code> is to choose a service you do not plan on using. For this example, Telnet is used.
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 							It does not work against stealth scans.
 						</div></li><li><div class="para">
 							An attacker who knows that a <code class="option">SENSOR</code> is running can mount a Denial of Service attack against particular hosts by forging their IP addresses and connecting to the forbidden port.
-						</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_xinetd-Controlling_Server_Resources">2.2.1.2.2. Controlling Server Resources</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4341" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4347" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4355" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4361" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+						</div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Enhancing_Security_With_xinetd-Controlling_Server_Resources">2.2.1.2.2. Controlling Server Resources</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e4349" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4355" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4363" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e4369" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Another important feature of <code class="command">xinetd</code> is its ability to set resource limits for services under its control.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					It does this using the following directives:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html" title="2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conte
 nt/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO">2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html" title="2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html" title="2.4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Conte
 nt/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO">2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			You can configure Firefox to use Kerberos for Single Sign-on. In order for this functionality to work correctly, you need to configure your web browser to send your Kerberos credentials to the appropriate <abbr class="abbrev">KDC</abbr>.The following section describes the configuration changes and other requirements to achieve this.
 		</div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li><div class="para">
 					In the address bar of Firefox, type <strong class="userinput"><code>about:config</code></strong> to display the list of current configuration options.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html" title="2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" al
 t="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card">2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html" title="2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" al
 t="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card">2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Before you can use your smart card to log in to your system and take advantage of the increased security options this technology provides, you need to perform some basic installation and configuration steps. These are described below.
 		</div><div class="note"><h2>Note</h2><div class="para">
 				This section provides a high-level view of getting started with your smart card. More detailed information is available in the Red Hat Certificate System Enterprise Security Client Guide.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html" title="2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html" title="2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
 c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works">2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html" title="2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html" title="2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
 c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works">2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Smart cards are said to be <em class="firstterm">enrolled</em> when they have received an appropriate certificate signed by a valid Certificate Authority (<abbr class="abbrev">CA</abbr>). This involves several steps, described below:
 		</div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li><div class="para">
 					The user inserts their smart card into the smart card reader on their workstation. This event is recognized by the Enterprise Security Client (<abbr class="abbrev">ESC</abbr>).


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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html" title="2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html" title="2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.o
 rg"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works">2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html" title="2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html" title="2.3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html" title="2.3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.o
 rg"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works">2.3.4. How Smart Card Login Works</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			This section provides a brief overview of the process of logging in using a smart card.
 		</div><div class="orderedlist"><ol><li><div class="para">
 					When the user inserts their smart card into the smart card reader, this event is recognized by the PAM facility, which prompts for the user's PIN.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html" title="2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject
 .org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO">2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.3.1. Introduction</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html" title="2.2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html" title="2.3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject
 .org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO">2.3. Single Sign-on (SSO)</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Introduction">2.3.1. Introduction</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			The Fedora SSO functionality reduces the number of times Fedora desktop users have to enter their passwords. Several major applications leverage the same underlying authentication and authorization mechanisms so that users can log in to Fedora from the log-in screen, and then not need to re-enter their passwords. These applications are detailed below.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			In addition, users can log in to their machines even when there is no network (<em class="firstterm">offline mode</em>) or where network connectivity is unreliable, for example, wireless access. In the latter case, services will degrade gracefully.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html" title="Chapter 7. References"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Commo
 n_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates"/><link rel="next" href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html" title="Chapter 7. References"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Commo
 n_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="chap-Security_Guide-References.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories">6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Software packages are published through repositories. All well known repositories support package signing. Package signing uses public key technology to prove that the package that was published by the repository has not been changed since the signature was applied. This provides some protection against installing software that may have been maliciously altered after the package was created but before you downloaded it.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Using too many repositories, untrustworthy repositories, or repositories with unsigned packages has a higher risk of introducing malicious or vulnerable code into your system. Use caution when adding repositories to yum/software update.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html,v
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right"
  href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html" title="6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html" title="6.4. Install Signed Packages from Well Known Repositories"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right"
  href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates">6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Fedora 9 is configured to apply all updates on a daily schedule. If you want to change the how your system installs updates you must do so via '''Software Update Preferences'''. You can change the schedule, the type of updates to apply or to notify you of available updates.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			In Gnome, you can find controls for your updates at: <code class="code">System -> Preferences -> System -> Software Updates</code>. In KDE it is located at: <code class="code">Applications -> Settings -> Software Updates</code>.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
 mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html" title="Chapter 6. Software Maintenance"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html" title="6.3. Adjusting Automatic Updates"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Co
 mmon_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates">6.2. Plan and Configure Security Updates</h2></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			All software contains bugs. Often, these bugs can result in a vulnerability that can expose your system to malicious users. Unpatched systems are a common cause of computer intrusions. You should have a plan to install security patches in a timely manner to close those vulnerabilities so they can not be exploited.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			For home users, security updates should be installed as soon as possible. Configuring automatic installation of security updates is one way to avoid having to remember, but does carry a slight risk that something can cause a conflict with your configuration or with other software on the system.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2.2. Option Fields</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html" title="2.5.2.2.2. Access Control"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
 c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields">2.5.2.2. Option Fields</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7875" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2.2. Option Fields</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html" title="2.5.2.2.2. Access Control"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
 c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Access_Control.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields">2.5.2.2. Option Fields</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7883" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				In addition to basic rules that allow and deny access, the Fedora implementation of TCP Wrappers supports extensions to the access control language through <em class="firstterm">option fields</em>. By using option fields in hosts access rules, administrators can accomplish a variety of tasks such as altering log behavior, consolidating access control, and launching shell commands.
-			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Logging">2.5.2.2.1. Logging</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7890" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Logging">2.5.2.2.1. Logging</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7898" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Option fields let administrators easily change the log facility and priority level for a rule by using the <code class="option">severity</code> directive.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					In the following example, connections to the SSH daemon from any host in the <code class="systemitem">example.com</code> domain are logged to the default <code class="option">authpriv</code> <code class="option">syslog</code> facility (because no facility value is specified) with a priority of <code class="option">emerg</code>:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.5. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.4. Resource Management Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html" title="2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
 c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources">2.5.5. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9019" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.5. Additional Resources</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.4. Resource Management Options"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html" title="2.5.5.2. Useful TCP Wrappers Websites"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img sr
 c="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Resource_Management_Options.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_TCP_Wrappers_Websites.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources">2.5.5. Additional Resources</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e9027" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			More information about TCP Wrappers and <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> is available from system documentation and on the Internet.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_TCP_Wrappers_Documentation">2.5.5.1. Installed TCP Wrappers Documentation</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9032" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9039" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Installed_TCP_Wrappers_Documentation">2.5.5.1. Installed TCP Wrappers Documentation</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e9040" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e9047" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The documentation on your system is a good place to start looking for additional configuration options for TCP Wrappers, <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>, and access control.
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<code class="filename">/usr/share/doc/tcp_wrappers-<em class="replaceable"><code><version></code></em>/</code> — This directory contains a <code class="filename">README</code> file that discusses how TCP Wrappers work and the various hostname and host address spoofing risks that exist.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documenta
 tion Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files">2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e7356" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7364" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7372" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7378" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7384" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documenta
 tion Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files">2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e7364" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7372" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7380" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7386" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7392" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			To determine if a client is allowed to connect to a service, TCP Wrappers reference the following two files, which are commonly referred to as <em class="firstterm">hosts access</em> files:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="filename">/etc/hosts.allow</code>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 				</div></li></ul></div><div class="warning"><h2>Warning</h2><div class="para">
 				If the last line of a hosts access file is not a newline character (created by pressing the <span class="keycap"><strong>Enter</strong></span> key), the last rule in the file fails and an error is logged to either <code class="filename">/var/log/messages</code> or <code class="filename">/var/log/secure</code>. This is also the case for a rule that spans multiple lines without using the backslash character. The following example illustrates the relevant portion of a log message for a rule failure due to either of these circumstances:
 			</div><pre class="screen">warning: /etc/hosts.allow, line 20: missing newline or line too long
-</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Formatting_Access_Rules">2.5.2.1. Formatting Access Rules</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7488" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Formatting_Access_Rules">2.5.2.1. Formatting Access Rules</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7496" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The format for both <code class="filename">/etc/hosts.allow</code> and <code class="filename">/etc/hosts.deny</code> is identical. Each rule must be on its own line. Blank lines or lines that start with a hash (#) are ignored.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Each rule uses the following basic format to control access to network services:
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 				Note that each option field is preceded by the backslash (\). Use of the backslash prevents failure of the rule due to length.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				This sample rule states that if a connection to the SSH daemon (<code class="systemitem">sshd</code>) is attempted from a host in the <code class="systemitem">example.com</code> domain, execute the <code class="command">echo</code> command to append the attempt to a special log file, and deny the connection. Because the optional <code class="command">deny</code> directive is used, this line denies access even if it appears in the <code class="filename">hosts.allow</code> file. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html" title="2.5.2.2. Option Fields">Section 2.5.2.2, “Option Fields”</a> for a more detailed look at available options.
-			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Formatting_Access_Rules-Wildcards">2.5.2.1.1. Wildcards</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7619" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Formatting_Access_Rules-Wildcards">2.5.2.1.1. Wildcards</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7627" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Wildcards allow TCP Wrappers to more easily match groups of daemons or hosts. They are used most frequently in the client list field of access rules.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					The following wildcards are available:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 							<code class="option">PARANOID</code> — Matches any host where the hostname does not match the host address.
 						</div></li></ul></div><div class="important"><h2>Important</h2><div class="para">
 						The <code class="option">KNOWN</code>, <code class="option">UNKNOWN</code>, and <code class="option">PARANOID</code> wildcards should be used with care, because they rely on functioning DNS server for correct operation. Any disruption to name resolution may prevent legitimate users from gaining access to a service.
-					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Formatting_Access_Rules-Patterns">2.5.2.1.2. Patterns</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7678" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Formatting_Access_Rules-Patterns">2.5.2.1.2. Patterns</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7686" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					Patterns can be used in the client field of access rules to more precisely specify groups of client hosts.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					The following is a list of common patterns for entries in the client field:
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 					Changes to <code class="command">portmap</code> access control rules may not take effect immediately. You may need to restart the <code class="command">portmap</code> service.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					Widely used services, such as NIS and NFS, depend on <code class="command">portmap</code> to operate, so be aware of these limitations.
-				</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Formatting_Access_Rules-Operators">2.5.2.1.4. Operators</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7819" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Formatting_Access_Rules-Operators">2.5.2.1.4. Operators</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e7827" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					At present, access control rules accept one operator, <code class="option">EXCEPT</code>. It can be used in both the daemon list and the client list of a rule.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					The <code class="option">EXCEPT</code> operator allows specific exceptions to broader matches within the same rule.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html
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retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.3. xinetd</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html" title="2.5.2.2.4. Expansions"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a><
 /p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd">2.5.3. xinetd</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e8206" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8212" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8218" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.3. xinetd</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html" title="2.5.2.2.4. Expansions"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a><
 /p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd">2.5.3. xinetd</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e8214" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8220" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8226" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> daemon is a TCP-wrapped <em class="firstterm">super service</em> which controls access to a subset of popular network services, including FTP, IMAP, and Telnet. It also provides service-specific configuration options for access control, enhanced logging, binding, redirection, and resource utilization control.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			When a client attempts to connect to a network service controlled by <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>, the super service receives the request and checks for any TCP Wrappers access control rules.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html,v
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html" title="2.5.3. xinetd"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html" title="2.5.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files">2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e8253" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html" title="2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html" title="2.5.3. xinetd"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html" title="2.5.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files">2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e8261" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The configuration files for <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> are as follows:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.conf</code> — The global <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> configuration file.
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/</code> — The directory containing all service-specific files.
-				</div></li></ul></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.conf_File">2.5.4.1. The /etc/xinetd.conf File</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e8283" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8292" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></li></ul></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.conf_File">2.5.4.1. The /etc/xinetd.conf File</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e8291" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8300" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.conf</code> file contains general configuration settings which affect every service under <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>'s control. It is read when the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> service is first started, so for configuration changes to take effect, you need to restart the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> service. The following is a sample <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.conf</code> file:
 			</div><pre class="screen">defaults
 {


Index: sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html" title="2.4.8.2. Useful PAM Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/im
 ages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e7168" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7173" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7179" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html" title="2.4.8.2. Useful PAM Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/im
 ages/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_PAM_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd">2.5. TCP Wrappers and xinetd</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e7176" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7181" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7187" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		Controlling access to network services is one of the most important security tasks facing a server administrator. Fedora provides several tools for this purpose. For example, an <code class="command">iptables</code>-based firewall filters out unwelcome network packets within the kernel's network stack. For network services that utilize it, <em class="firstterm">TCP Wrappers</em> add an additional layer of protection by defining which hosts are or are not allowed to connect to "<span class="emphasis"><em>wrapped</em></span>" network services. One such wrapped network service is the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> <span class="emphasis"><em>super server</em></span>. This service is called a super server because it controls connections to a subset of network services and further refines access control.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		<a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html#figu-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Access_Control_to_Network_Services" title="Figure 2.9. Access Control to Network Services">Figure 2.9, “Access Control to Network Services”</a> is a basic illustration of how these tools work together to protect network services.
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 					Exhibit A: Access Control to Network Services Flowchart
 				</div></div></div></div><h6>Figure 2.9. Access Control to Network Services</h6></div><br class="figure-break"/><div class="para">
 		This chapter focuses on the role of TCP Wrappers and <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> in controlling access to network services and reviews how these tools can be used to enhance both logging and utilization management. Refer to <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPTables.html" title="2.9. IPTables">Section 2.9, “IPTables”</a> for information about using firewalls with <code class="command">iptables</code>.
-	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers">2.5.1. TCP Wrappers</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e7225" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7230" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7235" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7243" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+	</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers">2.5.1. TCP Wrappers</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e7233" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7238" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7243" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e7251" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			The TCP Wrappers package (<code class="filename">tcp_wrappers</code>) is installed by default and provides host-based access control to network services. The most important component within the package is the <code class="filename">/usr/lib/libwrap.a</code> library. In general terms, a TCP-wrapped service is one that has been compiled against the <code class="filename">libwrap.a</code> library.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			When a connection attempt is made to a TCP-wrapped service, the service first references the host's access files (<code class="filename">/etc/hosts.allow</code> and <code class="filename">/etc/hosts.deny</code>) to determine whether or not the client is allowed to connect. In most cases, it then uses the syslog daemon (<code class="systemitem">syslogd</code>) to write the name of the requesting client and the requested service to <code class="filename">/var/log/secure</code> or <code class="filename">/var/log/messages</code>.
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 			</div><pre class="screen">[root at myserver ~]# ldd /usr/sbin/sshd | grep libwrap
         libwrap.so.0 => /usr/lib/libwrap.so.0 (0x00655000)
 [root at myserver ~]#
-</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers-Advantages_of_TCP_Wrappers">2.5.1.1. Advantages of TCP Wrappers</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7333" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+</pre></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers-Advantages_of_TCP_Wrappers">2.5.1.1. Advantages of TCP Wrappers</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e7341" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				TCP Wrappers provide the following advantages over other network service control techniques:
 			</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 						<span class="emphasis"><em>Transparency to both the client and the wrapped network service</em></span> — Both the connecting client and the wrapped network service are unaware that TCP Wrappers are in use. Legitimate users are logged and connected to the requested service while connections from banned clients fail.


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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
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+++ sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fed
 oraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration">1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1157" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
-				Administrators who fail to patch their systems are one of the greatest threats to server security. According to the <em class="firstterm">System Administration Network and Security Institute</em> (<em class="firstterm">SANS</em>), the primary cause of computer security vulnerability is to "assign untrained people to maintain security and provide neither the training nor the time to make it possible to do the job."<sup>[<a id="d0e1172" href="#ftn.d0e1172" class="footnote">10</a>]</sup> This applies as much to inexperienced administrators as it does to overconfident or amotivated administrators.
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html" title="1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html" title="1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fed
 oraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration">1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1157" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				Administrators who fail to patch their systems are one of the greatest threats to server security. According to the <em class="firstterm">SysAdmin, Audit, Network, Security Institute</em> (<em class="firstterm">SANS</em>), the primary cause of computer security vulnerability is to "assign untrained people to maintain security and provide neither the training nor the time to make it possible to do the job."<sup>[<a id="d0e1172" href="#ftn.d0e1172" class="footnote">10</a>]</sup> This applies as much to inexperienced administrators as it does to overconfident or amotivated administrators.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Some administrators fail to patch their servers and workstations, while others fail to watch log messages from the system kernel or network traffic. Another common error is when default passwords or keys to services are left unchanged. For example, some databases have default administration passwords because the database developers assume that the system administrator changes these passwords immediately after installation. If a database administrator fails to change this password, even an inexperienced cracker can use a widely-known default password to gain administrative privileges to the database. These are only a few examples of how inattentive administration can lead to compromised servers.
 			</div><div class="footnotes"><br/><hr/><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a id="ftn.d0e1172" href="#d0e1172" class="para">10</a>] </sup>


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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product 
 Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services">1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1181" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product 
 Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services">1.3.3.4. Inherently Insecure Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1181" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Even the most vigilant organization can fall victim to vulnerabilities if the network services they choose are inherently insecure. For instance, there are many services developed under the assumption that they are used over trusted networks; however, this assumption fails as soon as the service becomes available over the Internet — which is itself inherently untrusted.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				One category of insecure network services are those that require unencrypted usernames and passwords for authentication. Telnet and FTP are two such services. If packet sniffing software is monitoring traffic between the remote user and such a service usernames and passwords can be easily intercepted.


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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
 s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services">1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1133" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html" title="1.3.3. Threats to Server Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html" title="1.3.3.3. Inattentive Administration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://doc
 s.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Server_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services">1.3.3.2. Unpatched Services</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1133" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Most server applications that are included in a default installation are solid, thoroughly tested pieces of software. Having been in use in production environments for many years, their code has been thoroughly refined and many of the bugs have been found and fixed.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				However, there is no such thing as perfect software and there is always room for further refinement. Moreover, newer software is often not as rigorously tested as one might expect, because of its recent arrival to production environments or because it may not be as popular as other server software.


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+++ sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
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   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="P
 roduct Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications">1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1226" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html" title="1.3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html" title="1.4. Common Exploits and Attacks"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="P
 roduct Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Attackers_and_Vulnerabilities-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Common_Exploits_and_Attacks.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications">1.3.4.2. Vulnerable Client Applications</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e1226" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Although an administrator may have a fully secure and patched server, that does not mean remote users are secure when accessing it. For instance, if the server offers Telnet or FTP services over a public network, an attacker can capture the plain text usernames and passwords as they pass over the network, and then use the account information to access the remote user's workstation.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Even when using secure protocols, such as SSH, a remote user may be vulnerable to certain attacks if they do not keep their client applications updated. For instance, v.1 SSH clients are vulnerable to an X-forwarding attack from malicious SSH servers. Once connected to the server, the attacker can quietly capture any keystrokes and mouse clicks made by the client over the network. This problem was fixed in the v.2 SSH protocol, but it is up to the user to keep track of what applications have such vulnerabilities and update them as necessary.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.8.3. Using IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.8.3. Using IPTables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.8.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies">2.8.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13310" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13315" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.8.3. Using IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.8.3. Using IPTables"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html" title="2.8.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies">2.8.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13318" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13323" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Establishing basic firewall policies creates a foundation for building more detailed, user-defined rules.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				Each <code class="command">iptables</code> chain is comprised of a default policy, and zero or more rules which work in concert with the default policy to define the overall ruleset for the firewall.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html,v
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--- sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.8.3. Using IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html" title="2.8.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html" title="2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.pn
 g" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules">2.8.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13346" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13352" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13360" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.8.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Using_IPTables.html" title="2.8.3. Using IPTables"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html" title="2.8.3.2. Basic Firewall Policies"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html" title="2.8.4. Common IPTables Filtering"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.pn
 g" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls-Common_IPTables_Filtering.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules">2.8.3.3. Saving and Restoring IPTables Rules</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e13354" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13360" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e13368" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				Changes to <code class="command">iptables</code> are transitory; if the system is rebooted or if the <code class="command">iptables</code> service is restarted, the rules are automatically flushed and reset. To save the rules so that they are loaded when the <code class="command">iptables</code> service is started, use the following command:
 			</div><pre class="screen">[root at myServer ~ ] # service iptables save
 </pre><div class="para">


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html,v
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html" title="2.7.3. IPsec"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html" title="2.7.5. IPsec Installation"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt
 ="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection">2.7.4. Creating an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html" title="2.7.3. IPsec"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html" title="2.7.5. IPsec Installation"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt
 ="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection">2.7.4. Creating an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			An <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection is split into two logical phases. In phase 1, an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> node initializes the connection with the remote node or network. The remote node or network checks the requesting node's credentials and both parties negotiate the authentication method for the connection.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			On Fedora systems, an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection uses the <em class="firstterm">pre-shared key</em> method of <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> node authentication. In a pre-shared key <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection, both hosts must use the same key in order to move to Phase 2 of the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.3. IPsec</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html" title="2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image
 _right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec">2.7.3. IPsec</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e11072" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11077" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.3. IPsec</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html" title="2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image
 _right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec">2.7.3. IPsec</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e11080" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11085" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Fedora supports <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> for connecting remote hosts and networks to each other using a secure tunnel on a common carrier network such as the Internet. <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> can be implemented using a host-to-host (one computer workstation to another) or network-to-network (one <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym>/<acronym class="acronym">WAN</acronym> to another) configuration.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			The <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> implementation in Fedora uses <em class="firstterm">Internet Key Exchange</em> (<em class="firstterm">IKE</em>), a protocol implemented by the Internet Engineering Task Force (<acronym class="acronym">IETF</acronym>), used for mutual authentication and secure associations between connecting systems.
-		</div><a id="d0e11108" class="indexterm"/></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection</a></li></ul></body></html>
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+		</div><a id="d0e11116" class="indexterm"/></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection</a></li></ul></body></html>
\ No newline at end of file


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html" title="2.7.5. IPsec Installation"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http:/
 /docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration">2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e11272" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11279" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11286" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html" title="2.7.5. IPsec Installation"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http:/
 /docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration">2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e11280" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11287" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11294" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			IPsec can be configured to connect one desktop or workstation (host) to another using a host-to-host connection. This type of connection uses the network to which each host is connected to create a secure tunnel between each host. The requirements of a host-to-host connection are minimal, as is the configuration of <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> on each host. The hosts need only a dedicated connection to a carrier network (such as the Internet) and Fedora to create the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection.
-		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Host_to_Host_Connection">2.7.6.1. Host-to-Host Connection</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e11302" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11307" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+		</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Host_to_Host_Connection">2.7.6.1. Host-to-Host Connection</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e11310" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11315" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				A host-to-host <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection is an encrypted connection between two systems, both running <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> with the same authentication key. With the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection active, any network traffic between the two hosts is encrypted.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				To configure a host-to-host <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection, use the following steps for each host:
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 						Select <span class="guilabel"><strong>Host to Host encryption</strong></span> as the connection type, and then click <span class="guibutton"><strong>Forward</strong></span>.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						Select the type of encryption to use: manual or automatic.
-					</div><a id="d0e11388" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11392" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div><a id="d0e11396" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11400" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 						If you select manual encryption, an encryption key must be provided later in the process. If you select automatic encryption, the <code class="command">racoon</code> daemon manages the encryption key. The <code class="filename">ipsec-tools</code> package must be installed if you want to use automatic encryption.
 					</div><div class="para">
 						Click <span class="guibutton"><strong>Forward</strong></span> to continue.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.5. IPsec Installation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedorap
 roject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation">2.7.5. IPsec Installation</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e11178" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11185" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.5. IPsec Installation</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html" title="2.7.4. Creating an IPsec Connection"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6. IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedorap
 roject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation">2.7.5. IPsec Installation</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e11186" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11193" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Implementing <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> requires that the <code class="filename">ipsec-tools</code> RPM package be installed on all <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> hosts (if using a host-to-host configuration) or routers (if using a network-to-network configuration). The RPM package contains essential libraries, daemons, and configuration files for setting up the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection, including:
 		</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 					<code class="command">/sbin/setkey</code> — manipulates the key management and security attributes of <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> in the kernel. This executable is controlled by the <code class="command">racoon</code> key management daemon. Refer to the <code class="command">setkey</code>(8) man page for more information.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/image
 s/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration">2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e11919" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11926" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11931" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html" title="2.7.6.2. Manual IPsec Host-to-Host Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/image
 s/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration">2.7.7. IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e11927" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11934" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e11939" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			IPsec can also be configured to connect an entire network (such as a <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> or <acronym class="acronym">WAN</acronym>) to a remote network using a network-to-network connection. A network-to-network connection requires the setup of <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> routers on each side of the connecting networks to transparently process and route information from one node on a <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym> to a node on a remote <acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym>. <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html#figu-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-A_network_to_network_IPsec_tunneled_connection" title="Figure 2.11. A network-to-network IPsec tunneled connection">Figure 2.11, “A network-to-network IPsec tunneled connection”</a> shows a network-to-network <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> tunneled connection.
 		</div><div class="figure" id="figu-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-A_network_to_network_IPsec_tunneled_connection"><div class="figure-contents"><div class="mediaobject"><img src="images/n-t-n-ipsec-diagram.png" alt="A network-to-network IPsec tunneled connection"/><div class="longdesc"><div class="para">
 						A network-to-network <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> tunneled connection
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 					A fixed encryption key or one automatically generated by <code class="command">racoon</code>
 				</div></li><li><div class="para">
 					A pre-shared authentication key that is used during the initial stage of the connection and to exchange encryption keys during the session.
-				</div></li></ul></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Network_to_Network_VPN_Connection">2.7.7.1. Network-to-Network (<abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr>) Connection</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e12041" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12046" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+				</div></li></ul></div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Network_to_Network_VPN_Connection">2.7.7.1. Network-to-Network (<abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr>) Connection</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e12049" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12054" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				A network-to-network <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection uses two <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> routers, one for each network, through which the network traffic for the private subnets is routed.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				For example, as shown in <a class="xref" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html#figu-Security_Guide-Network_to_Network_VPN_Connection-Network_to_Network_IPsec" title="Figure 2.12. Network-to-Network IPsec">Figure 2.12, “Network-to-Network IPsec”</a>, if the 192.168.1.0/24 private network sends network traffic to the 192.168.2.0/24 private network, the packets go through gateway0, to ipsec0, through the Internet, to ipsec1, to gateway1, and to the 192.168.2.0/24 subnet.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 						Select <span class="guilabel"><strong>Network to Network encryption (VPN)</strong></span> as the connection type, and then click <span class="guibutton"><strong>Forward</strong></span>.
 					</div></li><li><div class="para">
 						Select the type of encryption to use: manual or automatic.
-					</div><a id="d0e12157" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12161" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+					</div><a id="d0e12165" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e12169" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 						If you select manual encryption, an encryption key must be provided later in the process. If you select automatic encryption, the <code class="command">racoon</code> daemon manages the encryption key. The <code class="filename">ipsec-tools</code> package must be installed if you want to use automatic encryption.
 					</div><div class="para">
 						Click <span class="guibutton"><strong>Forward</strong></span> to continue.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org
 "><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection">2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an IPsec Connection</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html" title="2.7.7.2. Manual IPsec Network-to-Network Configuration"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html" title="2.8. Firewalls"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org
 "><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration-Manual_IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Firewalls.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection">2.7.8. Starting and Stopping an <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> Connection</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			If the <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> connection was not configured to activate on boot, you can control it from the command line.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			To start the connection, use the following command on each host for host-to-host IPsec, or each <abbr class="abbrev">IPsec</abbr> router for network-to-network IPsec:


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html" title="2.7.3. IPsec"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"
 /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD">2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html" title="2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html" title="2.7.3. IPsec"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"
 /></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD">2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			Fedora provides various options in terms of implementing a software solution to securely connect to a <acronym class="acronym">WAN</acronym>. <em class="firstterm">Internet Protocol Security</em> (<acronym class="acronym">IPsec</acronym>) is the supported <abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr> implementation for Fedora, and sufficiently addresses the usability needs of organizations with branch offices or remote users.
 		</div></div><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html"><strong>Prev</strong>2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</a></li><li class="up"><a accesskey="u" href="#"><strong>Up</strong></a></li><li class="home"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html"><strong>Home</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html"><strong>Next</strong>2.7.3. IPsec</a></li></ul></body></html>
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 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html" title="2.6.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html" title="2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_
 right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs">2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e10953" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e10956" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Securing_Your_Network.html" title="Chapter 2. Securing Your Network"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html" title="2.6.10.2. Useful Kerberos Websites"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html" title="2.7.2. VPNs and Fedora"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_
 right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Additional_Resources-Useful_Kerberos_Websites.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs">2.7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e10961" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e10964" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		Organizations with several satellite offices often connect to each other with dedicated lines for efficiency and protection of sensitive data in transit. For example, many businesses use frame relay or <em class="firstterm">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</em> (<acronym class="acronym">ATM</acronym>) lines as an end-to-end networking solution to link one office with others. This can be an expensive proposition, especially for small to medium sized businesses (<acronym class="acronym">SMB</acronym>s) that want to expand without paying the high costs associated with enterprise-level, dedicated digital circuits.
 	</div><div class="para">
 		To address this need, <em class="firstterm">Virtual Private Networks</em> (<abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr>s) were developed. Following the same functional principles as dedicated circuits, <abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr>s allow for secured digital communication between two parties (or networks), creating a <em class="firstterm">Wide Area Network</em> (<acronym class="acronym">WAN</acronym>) from existing <em class="firstterm">Local Area Networks</em> (<acronym class="acronym">LAN</acronym>s). Where it differs from frame relay or ATM is in its transport medium. <abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr>s transmit over IP using datagrams as the transport layer, making it a secure conduit through the Internet to an intended destination. Most free software <abbr class="abbrev">VPN</abbr> implementations incorporate open standard encryption methods to further mask data in transit.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e720" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e727" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html" title="1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing">1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing</h3></div></div></div><a id="d0e720" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e727" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 			Vulnerability assessments may be broken down into one of two types: <em class="firstterm">Outside looking in</em> and <em class="firstterm">inside looking around</em>.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			When performing an outside looking in vulnerability assessment, you are attempting to compromise your systems from the outside. Being external to your company provides you with the cracker's viewpoint. You see what a cracker sees — publicly-routable IP addresses, systems on your <em class="firstterm">DMZ</em>, external interfaces of your firewall, and more. DMZ stands for "demilitarized zone", which corresponds to a computer or small subnetwork that sits between a trusted internal network, such as a corporate private LAN, and an untrusted external network, such as the public Internet. Typically, the DMZ contains devices accessible to Internet traffic, such as Web (HTTP ) servers, FTP servers, SMTP (e-mail) servers and DNS servers.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html" title="1.2. Vulnerability Assessment"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html" title="1.2.3.2. Nessus"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Do
 cumentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Evaluating_the_Tools-Nessus.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools">1.2.3. Evaluating the Tools</h3></div></div></div><div class="para">
 			An assessment can start by using some form of an information gathering tool. When assessing the entire network, map the layout first to find the hosts that are running. Once located, examine each host individually. Focusing on these hosts requires another set of tools. Knowing which tools to use may be the most crucial step in finding vulnerabilities.
 		</div><div class="para">
 			Just as in any aspect of everyday life, there are many different tools that perform the same job. This concept applies to performing vulnerability assessments as well. There are tools specific to operating systems, applications, and even networks (based on the protocols used). Some tools are free; others are not. Some tools are intuitive and easy to use, while others are cryptic and poorly documented but have features that other tools do not.


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-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Doc
 umentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e683" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="prev" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html" title="Chapter 1. Security Overview"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html" title="1.2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Doc
 umentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="chap-Security_Guide-Security_Overview.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment">1.2. Vulnerability Assessment</h2></div></div></div><a id="d0e683" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 		Given time, resources, and motivation, a cracker can break into nearly any system. At the end of the day, all of the security procedures and technologies currently available cannot guarantee that any systems are safe from intrusion. Routers help secure gateways to the Internet. Firewalls help secure the edge of the network. Virtual Private Networks safely pass data in an encrypted stream. Intrusion detection systems warn you of malicious activity. However, the success of each of these technologies is dependent upon a number of variables, including:
 	</div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul><li><div class="para">
 				The expertise of the staff responsible for configuring, monitoring, and maintaining the technologies.


Index: sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html,v
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diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html" title="2.5.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.2. Access Control Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" hr
 ef="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files">2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html" title="2.5.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html" title="2.5.4.3.2. Access Control Options"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" hr
 ef="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Access_Control_Options.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files">2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files</h4></div></div></div><div class="para">
 				A range of directives is available for services protected by <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code>. This section highlights some of the more commonly used options.
-			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Logging_Options">2.5.4.3.1. Logging Options</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8582" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+			</div><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files-Logging_Options">2.5.4.3.1. Logging Options</h5></div></div></div><a id="d0e8590" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 					The following logging options are available for both <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.conf</code> and the service-specific configuration files within the <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/</code> directory.
 				</div><div class="para">
 					The following is a list of some of the more commonly used logging options:


Index: sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html
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RCS file: /cvs/fedora/web/html/docs/security-guide/f10/en_US/sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -r1.4 -r1.5
--- sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html	20 Jan 2009 02:39:13 -0000	1.4
+++ sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html	21 Jan 2009 20:19:02 -0000	1.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <!DOCTYPE html
   PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-7"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" 
 href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory">2.5.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e8421" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8431" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><title>2.5.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="./Common_Content/css/default.css" type="text/css"/><meta name="generator" content="publican"/><meta name="package" content="fedora-security-guide-11-en-US-1.0-8"/><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="security-guide"/><link rel="up" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="prev" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4. xinetd Configuration Files"/><link rel="next" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html" title="2.5.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files"/></head><body class="draft "><p id="title"><a class="left" href="http://www.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_left.png" alt="Product Site"/></a><a class="right" 
 href="http://docs.fedoraproject.org"><img src="Common_Content/images/image_right.png" alt="Documentation Site"/></a></p><ul class="docnav"><li class="previous"><a accesskey="p" href="sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Prev</strong></a></li><li class="next"><a accesskey="n" href="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html"><strong>Next</strong></a></li></ul><div class="section" lang="en-US"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title" id="sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory">2.5.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory</h4></div></div></div><a id="d0e8429" class="indexterm"/><a id="d0e8439" class="indexterm"/><div class="para">
 				The <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/</code> directory contains the configuration files for each service managed by <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> and the names of the files correlate to the service. As with <code class="filename">xinetd.conf</code>, this directory is read only when the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> service is started. For any changes to take effect, the administrator must restart the <code class="systemitem">xinetd</code> service.
 			</div><div class="para">
 				The format of files in the <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.d/</code> directory use the same conventions as <code class="filename">/etc/xinetd.conf</code>. The primary reason the configuration for each service is stored in a separate file is to make customization easier and less likely to affect other services.

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sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Expansions.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Option_Fields-Shell_Commands.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Control_Flag.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Arguments.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-PAM_Configuration_File_Format-Module_Name.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching-Common_pam_timestamp_Directives.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-PAM_and_Device_Ownership-Application_Access.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Additional_Resources.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Creating_PAM_Modules.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_File_Format.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_Configuration_Files.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Administrative_Credential_Caching.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-PAM_and_Device_Ownership.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM-Sample_PAM_Configuration_Files.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Pluggable_Authentication_Modules_PAM.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Secure_Installation-Utilize_LUKS_Partition_Encryption.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Anonymous_Access.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-Use_TCP_Wrappers_To_Control_Access.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_FTP-User_Accounts.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Beware_of_Syntax_Errors.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NFS-Do_Not_Use_the_no_root_squash_Option.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Assign_Static_Ports_and_Use_iptables_Rules.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Edit_the_varypsecurenets_File.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_Kerberos_Authentication.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_NIS-Use_a_Password_like_NIS_Domain_Name_and_Hostname.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Portmap-Protect_portmap_With_iptables.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-Mail_only_Users.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Securing_Sendmail-NFS_and_Sendmail.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Security_Updates.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_FTP.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NFS.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_NIS.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Portmap.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_Sendmail.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Securing_the_Apache_HTTP_Server.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security-Verifying_Which_Ports_Are_Listening.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Server_Security.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Configuring_Firefox_to_use_Kerberos_for_SSO.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-Getting_Started_with_your_new_Smart_Card.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Enrollment_Works.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO-How_Smart_Card_Login_Works.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Single_Sign_on_SSO.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Install_Signed_Packages_from_Well_Known_Repositories.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates-Adjusting_Automatic_Updates.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Software_Maintenance-Plan_and_Configure_Security_Updates.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files-Option_Fields.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-Additional_Resources.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-TCP_Wrappers_Configuration_Files.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd-xinetd_Configuration_Files.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-TCP_Wrappers_and_xinetd.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inattentive_Administration.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Inherently_Insecure_Services.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Server_Security-Unpatched_Services.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Threats_to_Workstation_and_Home_PC_Security-Vulnerable_Client_Applications.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Basic_Firewall_Policies.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Using_IPTables-Saving_and_Restoring_IPTables_Rules.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Creating_an_IPsec_Connection.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Host_to_Host_Configuration.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Installation.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-IPsec_Network_to_Network_Configuration.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-Starting_and_Stopping_an_IPsec_Connection.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs-VPNs_and_PROD.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Virtual_Private_Networks_VPNs.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Defining_Assessment_and_Testing.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment-Evaluating_the_Tools.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-Vulnerability_Assessment.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-Altering_xinetd_Configuration_Files.html, 1.3, 1.4 sect-Security_Guide-xinetd_Configuration_Files-The_etcxinetd.d_Directory.html, 1.3, 1.4
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